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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Lagrange-Formalismus</span></h1>
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<p>Der <b>Lagrange-Formalismus</b> ist in der <a href="Physik" title="Physik">Physik</a> eine 1788 von <a href="Joseph-Louis_Lagrange" title="Joseph-Louis Lagrange">Joseph-Louis Lagrange</a> eingeführte Formulierung der <a href="Klassische_Mechanik" title="Klassische Mechanik">klassischen Mechanik</a>, in der die <a href="Dynamik_(Physik)" title="Dynamik (Physik)">Dynamik</a> eines Systems durch eine einzige <a href="Skalar_(Mathematik)" title="Skalar (Mathematik)">skalare</a> Funktion, die <b>Lagrange-Funktion</b>, beschrieben wird. Der Formalismus ist (im Gegensatz zur <a href="Newtonsche_Gesetze" title="Newtonsche Gesetze">newtonschen Mechanik</a>, die auf <a href="Inertialsystem" title="Inertialsystem">Inertialsysteme</a> festgelegt ist) auch auf <a href="Beschleunigtes_Bezugssystem" title="Beschleunigtes Bezugssystem">beschleunigte Bezugssysteme</a> anwendbar. Der Lagrange-Formalismus ist invariant gegen Koordinatentransformationen.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aus der Lagrange-Funktion lassen sich die <a href="Bewegungsgleichung" title="Bewegungsgleichung">Bewegungsgleichungen</a> mit den Euler-Lagrange-Gleichungen der <a href="Variationsrechnung" title="Variationsrechnung">Variationsrechnung</a> aus dem <a href="Hamiltonsches_Prinzip" title="Hamiltonsches Prinzip">Prinzip der extremalen Wirkung</a> bestimmen. Diese Betrachtungsweise vereinfacht viele physikalische Probleme, da sich, im Gegensatz zu der newtonschen Formulierung der Bewegungsgesetze, im Lagrange-Formalismus <a href="Zwangsbedingung" title="Zwangsbedingung">Zwangsbedingungen</a> relativ einfach durch das explizite Ausrechnen der <a href="Zwangskraft" title="Zwangskraft">Zwangskräfte</a> oder die geeignete Wahl <a href="Generalisierte_Koordinate" title="Generalisierte Koordinate">generalisierter Koordinaten</a> berücksichtigen lassen. Aus diesem Grund wird der Lagrange-Formalismus verbreitet bei <a href="Mehrk%C3%B6rpersystem" title="Mehrkörpersystem">Mehrkörpersystemen</a> (MKS) eingesetzt. Er lässt sich auch auf den relativistischen Fall übertragen und ist auch in der relativistischen <a href="Quantenfeldtheorie" title="Quantenfeldtheorie">Quantenfeldtheorie</a> zur Formulierung von Modellen von Elementarteilchen und ihrer Wechselwirkungen weit verbreitet, behandelt dort allerdings eine feldtheoretische Version (<a href="Lagrange-Dichte" title="Lagrange-Dichte">Lagrange-Dichte</a>).
</p><p>Für Systeme mit einem generalisierten Potential und <a href="Holonom" title="Holonom">holonomen</a> <a href="Zwangsbedingung" title="Zwangsbedingung">Zwangsbedingungen</a> lautet die Lagrange-Funktion
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<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle L=T-V}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>L</mi>
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<mi>V</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle L=T-V}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/00644a2f8d4ddaa3b1ae36d472aabaeb63e4d9dc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:10.945ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle L=T-V}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>wobei <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle T}">
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ec7200acd984a1d3a3d7dc455e262fbe54f7f6e0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.636ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle T}" loading="lazy"></span> die <a href="Kinetische_Energie" title="Kinetische Energie">kinetische Energie</a> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V}">
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mi>V</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/af0f6064540e84211d0ffe4dac72098adfa52845.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.787ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V}" loading="lazy"></span> die <a href="Potentielle_Energie" title="Potentielle Energie">potentielle Energie</a> des betrachteten Systems bezeichnen.
Man unterscheidet sogenannte Lagrange-Gleichungen erster und zweiter Art. Im engeren Sinn versteht man unter dem Lagrange-Formalismus und den Lagrange-Gleichungen aber die <i>zweiter Art</i>, die häufig einfach als <b>Lagrange-Gleichungen</b> bezeichnet werden:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {\text{d}}{{\text{d}}t}}{\frac {\partial L}{\partial {\dot {q}}_{i}}}-{\frac {\partial {L}}{\partial q_{i}}}=0\,.}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
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<mi>t</mi>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {\text{d}}{{\text{d}}t}}{\frac {\partial L}{\partial {\dot {q}}_{i}}}-{\frac {\partial {L}}{\partial q_{i}}}=0\,.}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/828d04055ad66da890f5a513aaba69a59cd882da.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:19.425ex; height:6.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {\text{d}}{{\text{d}}t}}{\frac {\partial L}{\partial {\dot {q}}_{i}}}-{\frac {\partial {L}}{\partial q_{i}}}=0\,.}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Dabei sind <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle q_{i}}">
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mi>q</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle q_{i}}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2752dcbff884354069fe332b8e51eb0a70a531b6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.837ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle q_{i}}" loading="lazy"></span> generalisierte Koordinaten und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\dot {q}}_{i}}">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\dot {q}}_{i}}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/fa92ee5d3f74b0d1a40f53393bfec80758d3c2d3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:2.177ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\dot {q}}_{i}}" loading="lazy"></span> deren Zeitableitungen.
</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lagrange-Gleichungen_erster_und_zweiter_Art">Lagrange-Gleichungen erster und zweiter Art</h2></div>
<p>Mit den Lagrange-Gleichungen erster Art lassen sich die Zwangskräfte berechnen. Sie sind äquivalent zu den Gleichungen, die sich aus dem <a href="D%E2%80%99Alembertsches_Prinzip" title="D’Alembertsches Prinzip">D’Alembertschen Prinzip</a> ergeben. Wir betrachten <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle N}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>N</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle N}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f5e3890c981ae85503089652feb48b191b57aae3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.064ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle N}" loading="lazy"></span> Punktteilchen im <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \ \mathbb {R} ^{3}}">
<semantics>
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<mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \ \mathbb {R} ^{3}}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/78f5d3ab4274ff721a459b33cbf297676d01d542.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.313ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \ \mathbb {R} ^{3}}" loading="lazy"></span> mit den <a href="Ortsvektor" title="Ortsvektor">Ortsvektoren</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \ \mathbf {r} _{i}}">
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<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">r</mi>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \ \mathbf {r} _{i}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8f6633db59128407bc667142090e0de7732bcaf7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.482ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \ \mathbf {r} _{i}}" loading="lazy"></span>, mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle i\in \{1,...,N\}}">
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<mi>i</mi>
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<mo>,</mo>
<mo>.</mo>
<mo>.</mo>
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<mo>,</mo>
<mi>N</mi>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo>
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</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle i\in \{1,...,N\}}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/025096ad0076ebf34d0c033e03a42035506dd64c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:14.364ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle i\in \{1,...,N\}}" loading="lazy"></span>, deren Koordinaten durch <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle s}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>s</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle s}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/01d131dfd7673938b947072a13a9744fe997e632.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.09ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle s}" loading="lazy"></span> voneinander unabhängige (<a href="Holonom" title="Holonom">holonome</a>) <a href="Zwangsbedingung" title="Zwangsbedingung">Zwangsbedingungen</a> der Form <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle F_{k}(\mathbf {r} _{1},\ldots ,\mathbf {r} _{N},t)=0}">
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6135583686d85c189339c6a1fa18001c47730c68.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:20.655ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle F_{k}(\mathbf {r} _{1},\ldots ,\mathbf {r} _{N},t)=0}" loading="lazy"></span> mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle k\in \{1,\ldots ,s\}}">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle k\in \{1,\ldots ,s\}}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2494ca9fe7463436f9764e35c8d45cb0b725a79d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:13.808ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle k\in \{1,\ldots ,s\}}" loading="lazy"></span> eingeschränkt sind (eine explizite Zeitabhängigkeit ist erlaubt). Dadurch werden die Lagen der Teilchen auf eine <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (3N-s)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>3</mn>
<mi>N</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>s</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (3N-s)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a79fb9ad9ec23829ee88a6d8c40bc7de08920e62.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:8.966ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (3N-s)}" loading="lazy"></span>-dimensionale <a href="Mannigfaltigkeit" title="Mannigfaltigkeit">Mannigfaltigkeit</a> eingeschränkt (<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f=3N-s}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>f</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>3</mn>
<mi>N</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>s</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f=3N-s}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3c432228b9421f32742b91a46ad867c97d0c8019.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:11.534ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f=3N-s}" loading="lazy"></span> ist die Anzahl der <a href="Freiheitsgrade" class="mw-redirect" title="Freiheitsgrade">Freiheitsgrade</a>).
</p><p>Die auf ein Teilchen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle i}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>i</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle i}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/add78d8608ad86e54951b8c8bd6c8d8416533d20.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.802ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle i}" loading="lazy"></span> wirkenden Zwangskräfte sind proportional zum <a href="Gradient_(Mathematik)" title="Gradient (Mathematik)">Gradienten</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \nabla F_{k}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">∇<!-- ∇ --></mi>
<msub>
<mi>F</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \nabla F_{k}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/19da9025589d16f62b70429485cee9fd14bf05cd.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:4.519ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \nabla F_{k}}" loading="lazy"></span>, die Gesamt-Zwangskraft <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {Z} _{i}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">Z</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {Z} _{i}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ffea7b1b0cea8545148973585e2abb032115d5ea.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.434ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {Z} _{i}}" loading="lazy"></span> ist daher
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {Z} _{i}=\sum _{k=1}^{s}\lambda _{k}\nabla _{i}F_{k}.}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">Z</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<munderover>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>s</mi>
</mrow>
</munderover>
<msub>
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∇<!-- ∇ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mi>F</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {Z} _{i}=\sum _{k=1}^{s}\lambda _{k}\nabla _{i}F_{k}.}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d51368d0d2b59958b9f27af893c0298df2bef023.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:17.684ex; height:6.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {Z} _{i}=\sum _{k=1}^{s}\lambda _{k}\nabla _{i}F_{k}.}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Wenn man annimmt, dass sich die äußeren Kräfte aus einem Potential ableiten lassen, kann man die Bewegungsgleichung schreiben (Lagrange-Gleichung 1.&nbsp;Art):<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle m_{i}{\ddot {\mathbf {r} }}_{i}=-\nabla _{i}V+\sum _{k=1}^{s}\lambda _{k}\nabla _{i}F_{k},\qquad i=1,\ldots ,N}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">r</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>¨<!-- ¨ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∇<!-- ∇ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mi>V</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<munderover>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>s</mi>
</mrow>
</munderover>
<msub>
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∇<!-- ∇ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mi>F</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mspace width="2em"></mspace>
<mi>i</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>N</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle m_{i}{\ddot {\mathbf {r} }}_{i}=-\nabla _{i}V+\sum _{k=1}^{s}\lambda _{k}\nabla _{i}F_{k},\qquad i=1,\ldots ,N}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d231cafa1f0e75e42822364c35713f3d75dc1cad.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:46.561ex; height:6.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle m_{i}{\ddot {\mathbf {r} }}_{i}=-\nabla _{i}V+\sum _{k=1}^{s}\lambda _{k}\nabla _{i}F_{k},\qquad i=1,\ldots ,N}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Die <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle m_{i}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle m_{i}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/95ec8e804f69706d3f5ad235f4f983220c8df7c2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.84ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle m_{i}}" loading="lazy"></span> sind die Massen der <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle N}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>N</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle N}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f5e3890c981ae85503089652feb48b191b57aae3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.064ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle N}" loading="lazy"></span> Punktteilchen, <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>V</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/af0f6064540e84211d0ffe4dac72098adfa52845.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.787ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V}" loading="lazy"></span> ist die potentielle Energie. Dies, zusammen mit den Zwangsbedingungen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle F_{k}(\mathbf {r} _{1},\ldots ,\mathbf {r} _{N},t)=0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>F</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">r</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">r</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>N</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle F_{k}(\mathbf {r} _{1},\ldots ,\mathbf {r} _{N},t)=0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6135583686d85c189339c6a1fa18001c47730c68.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:20.655ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle F_{k}(\mathbf {r} _{1},\ldots ,\mathbf {r} _{N},t)=0}" loading="lazy"></span>, sind <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 3N+s}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mn>3</mn>
<mi>N</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>s</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 3N+s}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/85c75b7892c25b9a084ca7a0e8591fa1a43d99d3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:7.157ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 3N+s}" loading="lazy"></span> unabhängige Gleichungen für die <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 3N}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mn>3</mn>
<mi>N</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 3N}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6f05b2b88bb71a7fe6b449800d51de31683da674.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.226ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 3N}" loading="lazy"></span> Koordinaten der <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {r} _{i}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">r</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {r} _{i}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ed603561819ebd007acd75a0931d3ba401ad677a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.902ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {r} _{i}}" loading="lazy"></span> sowie für die <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle s}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>s</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle s}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/01d131dfd7673938b947072a13a9744fe997e632.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.09ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle s}" loading="lazy"></span> Lagrange-Multiplikatoren <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \lambda _{k}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \lambda _{k}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/57dfa9eb1c96d16ff53f264bd9710a16c0108469.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.444ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \lambda _{k}}" loading="lazy"></span>. Somit ist die Lösung des Gleichungssystems eindeutig.
</p><p><b>Bemerkung</b>: Hier wurden nur holonome Zwangsbedingungen behandelt. Der Formalismus lässt sich aber auch auf Zwangsbedingungen der Form <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\textstyle \sum _{k}a_{k}\delta q_{k}=0\,}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<munder>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</munder>
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mi>δ<!-- δ --></mi>
<msub>
<mi>q</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\textstyle \sum _{k}a_{k}\delta q_{k}=0\,}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/fe700bb89f4518b21a41cbb9e31a2ae1b7b0e882.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:14.071ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\textstyle \sum _{k}a_{k}\delta q_{k}=0\,}" loading="lazy"></span> anwenden, die z.&nbsp;B. bei nicht-holonomen Zwangsbedingungen zwischen den Geschwindigkeiten der Teilchen folgen.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Diese Zwangsbedingungsgleichungen lassen sich im Gegensatz zu holonomen Zwangsbedingungen nicht als <a href="Vollst%C3%A4ndiges_Differential" class="mw-redirect" title="Vollständiges Differential">vollständiges Differential</a> einer Funktion darstellen, das heißt, zwischen den Koeffizientenfunktionen gilt nicht <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\tfrac {\partial a_{i}}{\partial q_{k}}}={\tfrac {\partial a_{k}}{\partial q_{i}}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
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<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<msub>
<mi>q</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<msub>
<mi>q</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\tfrac {\partial a_{i}}{\partial q_{k}}}={\tfrac {\partial a_{k}}{\partial q_{i}}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c67ba4f4c62532d48a7c0a7d264dc0fe4019b6bb.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.671ex; width:9.957ex; height:4.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\tfrac {\partial a_{i}}{\partial q_{k}}}={\tfrac {\partial a_{k}}{\partial q_{i}}}}" loading="lazy"></span>.
</p><p>Im Fall von holonomen Zwangsbedingungen kann man neue Koordinaten <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle q_{i}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>q</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle q_{i}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2752dcbff884354069fe332b8e51eb0a70a531b6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.837ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle q_{i}}" loading="lazy"></span> einführen, die diese implizit enthalten, sogenannte <a href="Generalisierte_Koordinate" title="Generalisierte Koordinate">generalisierte Koordinaten</a>. Mit der kinetischen Energie
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle T=\sum _{i}{\frac {1}{2}}m_{i}v_{i}^{2}=\sum _{i}{\frac {1}{2}}m_{i}{\left(\sum _{j}{\frac {\partial \mathbf {r} _{i}}{\partial q_{j}}}{\dot {q}}_{j}+{\frac {\partial \mathbf {r} _{i}}{\partial t}}\right)}^{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>T</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<munder>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</munder>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msubsup>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo>=</mo>
<munder>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</munder>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<munder>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>j</mi>
</mrow>
</munder>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">r</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<msub>
<mi>q</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>j</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>q</mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>j</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">r</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle T=\sum _{i}{\frac {1}{2}}m_{i}v_{i}^{2}=\sum _{i}{\frac {1}{2}}m_{i}{\left(\sum _{j}{\frac {\partial \mathbf {r} _{i}}{\partial q_{j}}}{\dot {q}}_{j}+{\frac {\partial \mathbf {r} _{i}}{\partial t}}\right)}^{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/22c7e064f7c4c4b76a2a294254f930f53138e5c8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.338ex; width:48.938ex; height:8.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle T=\sum _{i}{\frac {1}{2}}m_{i}v_{i}^{2}=\sum _{i}{\frac {1}{2}}m_{i}{\left(\sum _{j}{\frac {\partial \mathbf {r} _{i}}{\partial q_{j}}}{\dot {q}}_{j}+{\frac {\partial \mathbf {r} _{i}}{\partial t}}\right)}^{2}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>und Potentialkräften
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Q_{i}=-\nabla _{i}V=-{\frac {\partial V}{\partial q_{i}}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>Q</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∇<!-- ∇ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mi>V</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mi>V</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<msub>
<mi>q</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Q_{i}=-\nabla _{i}V=-{\frac {\partial V}{\partial q_{i}}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4aeb411ad9e1e747dc7478d5f25500e3c25bd486.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:20.965ex; height:5.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Q_{i}=-\nabla _{i}V=-{\frac {\partial V}{\partial q_{i}}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>(die auch durch generalisierte Koordinaten ausgedrückt sind und dann als generalisierte Kräfte bezeichnet werden – sie haben nicht unbedingt die Dimension einer Kraft) lassen sich die Bewegungsgleichungen auch schreiben
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {{\text{d}} \over {\text{d}}t}{\partial {T} \over \partial {{\dot {q}}_{i}}}-{\partial {T} \over \partial q_{i}}=Q_{i}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>d</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>d</mtext>
</mrow>
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>T</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>q</mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>T</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<msub>
<mi>q</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>Q</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {{\text{d}} \over {\text{d}}t}{\partial {T} \over \partial {{\dot {q}}_{i}}}-{\partial {T} \over \partial q_{i}}=Q_{i}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2f73f3037c6d0be2ac72bfc71ba380e1105493fc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:19.867ex; height:6.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {{\text{d}} \over {\text{d}}t}{\partial {T} \over \partial {{\dot {q}}_{i}}}-{\partial {T} \over \partial q_{i}}=Q_{i}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>oder mit der Lagrange-Funktion <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle L=T-V}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>L</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>T</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>V</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle L=T-V}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/00644a2f8d4ddaa3b1ae36d472aabaeb63e4d9dc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:10.945ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle L=T-V}" loading="lazy"></span> (Lagrange-Gleichung 2.&nbsp;Art):
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {{\text{d}} \over {\text{d}}t}{\partial {L} \over \partial {{\dot {q}}_{i}}}-{\partial {L} \over \partial q_{i}}=0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>d</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>d</mtext>
</mrow>
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>L</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>q</mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>L</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<msub>
<mi>q</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {{\text{d}} \over {\text{d}}t}{\partial {L} \over \partial {{\dot {q}}_{i}}}-{\partial {L} \over \partial q_{i}}=0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a47955e99f1f86a42130d6d4aa86d119dcd70303.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:18.392ex; height:6.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {{\text{d}} \over {\text{d}}t}{\partial {L} \over \partial {{\dot {q}}_{i}}}-{\partial {L} \over \partial q_{i}}=0}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Treten wie in diesem Fall nur aus einem Potential ableitbare Kräfte (Potentialkräfte) auf, spricht man von <a href="Konservative_Kraft" title="Konservative Kraft">konservativen Kräften</a>.
</p><p><b>Bemerkung</b>: Manchmal lassen sich die generalisierten Kräfte durch ein geschwindigkeitsabhängiges <i>generalisiertes Potential</i> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V(q_{1},\ldots ,q_{n},{\dot {q}}_{1},\ldots ,{\dot {q}}_{n},t)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>V</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>q</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>q</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>q</mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>q</mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V(q_{1},\ldots ,q_{n},{\dot {q}}_{1},\ldots ,{\dot {q}}_{n},t)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e858176b7201e56c50abb025d7090958046cc0ba.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:26.234ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V(q_{1},\ldots ,q_{n},{\dot {q}}_{1},\ldots ,{\dot {q}}_{n},t)}" loading="lazy"></span> in folgender Form schreiben
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Q_{i}=-{\frac {\partial V}{\partial q_{i}}}+{\frac {\mathrm {d} }{\mathrm {d} t}}{\frac {\partial V}{\partial {\dot {q}}_{i}}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>Q</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mi>V</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<msub>
<mi>q</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mi>V</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>q</mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Q_{i}=-{\frac {\partial V}{\partial q_{i}}}+{\frac {\mathrm {d} }{\mathrm {d} t}}{\frac {\partial V}{\partial {\dot {q}}_{i}}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c1db333df163b1c4b5f7f0ad290fa6925d77f58c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:21.675ex; height:6.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Q_{i}=-{\frac {\partial V}{\partial q_{i}}}+{\frac {\mathrm {d} }{\mathrm {d} t}}{\frac {\partial V}{\partial {\dot {q}}_{i}}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Auch dann ergeben sich die Bewegungsgleichungen
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {\mathrm {d} }{\mathrm {d} t}}{\frac {\partial L}{\partial {\dot {q}}_{i}}}-{\frac {\partial L}{\partial q_{i}}}=0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
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<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
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<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mi>L</mi>
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<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mi>q</mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
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<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mi>L</mi>
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<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<msub>
<mi>q</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
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</msub>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {\mathrm {d} }{\mathrm {d} t}}{\frac {\partial L}{\partial {\dot {q}}_{i}}}-{\frac {\partial L}{\partial q_{i}}}=0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2796b6e24a4686bca4c4c43f2c6b7930a2636f3a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:18.392ex; height:6.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {\mathrm {d} }{\mathrm {d} t}}{\frac {\partial L}{\partial {\dot {q}}_{i}}}-{\frac {\partial L}{\partial q_{i}}}=0}" loading="lazy"></span>,</dd></dl>
<p>mit der <i>Lagrange-Funktion</i> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle L}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>L</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle L}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/103168b86f781fe6e9a4a87b8ea1cebe0ad4ede8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.583ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle L}" loading="lazy"></span>:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle L(q_{1},\ldots ,q_{n},{\dot {q}}_{1},\ldots ,{\dot {q}}_{n},t)=T(q_{1},\ldots ,q_{n},{\dot {q}}_{1},\ldots ,{\dot {q}}_{n},t)-V(q_{1},\ldots ,q_{n},{\dot {q}}_{1},\ldots ,{\dot {q}}_{n},t)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>L</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>q</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>q</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>q</mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>q</mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>T</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>q</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>q</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>q</mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>q</mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>V</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>q</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>q</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>q</mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>q</mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle L(q_{1},\ldots ,q_{n},{\dot {q}}_{1},\ldots ,{\dot {q}}_{n},t)=T(q_{1},\ldots ,q_{n},{\dot {q}}_{1},\ldots ,{\dot {q}}_{n},t)-V(q_{1},\ldots ,q_{n},{\dot {q}}_{1},\ldots ,{\dot {q}}_{n},t)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d2ec0e766573382efe09d5caeff6cb90255a1b6a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:84.286ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle L(q_{1},\ldots ,q_{n},{\dot {q}}_{1},\ldots ,{\dot {q}}_{n},t)=T(q_{1},\ldots ,q_{n},{\dot {q}}_{1},\ldots ,{\dot {q}}_{n},t)-V(q_{1},\ldots ,q_{n},{\dot {q}}_{1},\ldots ,{\dot {q}}_{n},t)}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Das System ist dann aber nicht mehr im üblichen Sinn <i>konservativ</i>. Ein Beispiel ist das elektromagnetische Feld (siehe unten).
</p><p>Manchmal hat man aber noch nicht-konservative Kräfte <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Q_{i}^{*}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msubsup>
<mi>Q</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∗<!-- ∗ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Q_{i}^{*}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/241cba8306330f69e5596efb2147452720868c8d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:2.893ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Q_{i}^{*}}" loading="lazy"></span>, so dass sich die Gleichungen schreiben:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {{\text{d}} \over {\text{d}}t}{\partial {L} \over \partial {{\dot {q}}_{i}}}-{\partial {L} \over \partial q_{i}}=Q_{i}^{*}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>d</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>d</mtext>
</mrow>
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>L</mi>
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<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>q</mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
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<mi>i</mi>
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<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
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<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
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<mi>L</mi>
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<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<msub>
<mi>q</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
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<mo>=</mo>
<msubsup>
<mi>Q</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∗<!-- ∗ --></mo>
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</msubsup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {{\text{d}} \over {\text{d}}t}{\partial {L} \over \partial {{\dot {q}}_{i}}}-{\partial {L} \over \partial q_{i}}=Q_{i}^{*}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/377bf0eb45a93a1f46dad5b92122a9b78a2d3436.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:20.122ex; height:6.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {{\text{d}} \over {\text{d}}t}{\partial {L} \over \partial {{\dot {q}}_{i}}}-{\partial {L} \over \partial q_{i}}=Q_{i}^{*}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Ein Beispiel sind Systeme mit nicht-holonomen Zwangsbedingungen (siehe oben) oder Reibungskräften (zum Beispiel <a href="Rayleighsche_Dissipationsfunktion" title="Rayleighsche Dissipationsfunktion">Rayleighsche Dissipationsfunktion</a>).
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ableitung_aus_dem_Hamiltonschen_Prinzip">Ableitung aus dem Hamiltonschen Prinzip</h2></div>
<p>Die Lagrange-Gleichungen zweiter Art ergeben sich als sogenannte Euler-Lagrange-Gleichungen<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> eines Variationsproblems und liefern die Bewegungsgleichungen, wenn die Lagrange-Funktion gegeben ist. Sie folgen aus der <a href="Variationsrechnung" title="Variationsrechnung">Variation</a> des mit der Lagrange-Funktion gebildeten <a href="Wirkungsintegral" class="mw-redirect" title="Wirkungsintegral">Wirkungsintegrals</a> im <a href="Hamiltonsches_Prinzip" title="Hamiltonsches Prinzip">Hamiltonschen Prinzip</a>. Dazu betrachtet man alle möglichen Bahnkurven <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle q(t)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>q</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle q(t)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3b1f8079f76d0e8a89cf19db8fc43f34ec569d25.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:3.718ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle q(t)}" loading="lazy"></span> im Raum der <a href="Generalisierte_Koordinate" title="Generalisierte Koordinate">generalisierten Koordinaten</a> zwischen festen Anfangs- und Endpunkten. Man betrachtet die Änderung des Wirkungsintegrals bei Variation der Bahnkurven
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \,q\rightarrow q+\delta q}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>q</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mi>q</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>δ<!-- δ --></mi>
<mi>q</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \,q\rightarrow q+\delta q}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f1e0b081834a1f942432d17ce52b7d54f034bb9c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:11.099ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \,q\rightarrow q+\delta q}" loading="lazy"></span></dd>
<dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \,{\dot {q}}\rightarrow {\dot {q}}+\delta {\dot {q}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>q</mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>q</mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
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</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>δ<!-- δ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>q</mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
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</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \,{\dot {q}}\rightarrow {\dot {q}}+\delta {\dot {q}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a3f89fdd3c82296e84027741ff926a0ec7be9d41.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:12.022ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \,{\dot {q}}\rightarrow {\dot {q}}+\delta {\dot {q}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Das hamiltonsche Prinzip besagt, dass für die klassische Bahn das Wirkungsintegral stationär unter Variation der Bahnkurven ist:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \delta W=W(q+\delta q,{\dot {q}}+\delta {\dot {q}},t)-W(q,{\dot {q}},t)=\delta \int {\text{d}}tL(q,{\dot {q}},t)=\int {\text{d}}t(L(q+\delta q,{\dot {q}}+\delta {\dot {q}},t)-L(q,{\dot {q}},t))\ {\stackrel {!}{=}}\ 0\,.}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>δ<!-- δ --></mi>
<mi>W</mi>
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<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mn>0</mn>
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<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \delta W=W(q+\delta q,{\dot {q}}+\delta {\dot {q}},t)-W(q,{\dot {q}},t)=\delta \int {\text{d}}tL(q,{\dot {q}},t)=\int {\text{d}}t(L(q+\delta q,{\dot {q}}+\delta {\dot {q}},t)-L(q,{\dot {q}},t))\ {\stackrel {!}{=}}\ 0\,.}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5325b9e072477d6c05ba04bae8c74a9b616b56c3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:102.183ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \delta W=W(q+\delta q,{\dot {q}}+\delta {\dot {q}},t)-W(q,{\dot {q}},t)=\delta \int {\text{d}}tL(q,{\dot {q}},t)=\int {\text{d}}t(L(q+\delta q,{\dot {q}}+\delta {\dot {q}},t)-L(q,{\dot {q}},t))\ {\stackrel {!}{=}}\ 0\,.}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Eine Näherung in erster Ordnung lautet für eine gewöhnliche <a href="Funktion_(Mathematik)" title="Funktion (Mathematik)">Funktion</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f(x,y)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
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<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f(x,y)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/29473ed0c4e838ac9dbe074535e507166c0e9101.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:6.607ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f(x,y)}" loading="lazy"></span>
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f(x+{\text{d}}x,y+{\text{d}}y)\approx f+{\frac {\partial f}{\partial x}}{\text{d}}x+{\frac {\partial f}{\partial y}}{\text{d}}y}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
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<mo>+</mo>
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<mtext>d</mtext>
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<mi>x</mi>
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</mrow>
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<mo>≈<!-- ≈ --></mo>
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<mtext>d</mtext>
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<mi>f</mi>
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<mtext>d</mtext>
</mrow>
<mi>y</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f(x+{\text{d}}x,y+{\text{d}}y)\approx f+{\frac {\partial f}{\partial x}}{\text{d}}x+{\frac {\partial f}{\partial y}}{\text{d}}y}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2586161219ce9ef21f7508ebc407b53af3b2d388.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:39.403ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f(x+{\text{d}}x,y+{\text{d}}y)\approx f+{\frac {\partial f}{\partial x}}{\text{d}}x+{\frac {\partial f}{\partial y}}{\text{d}}y}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>also
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\text{d}}f=f(x+{\text{d}}x,y+{\text{d}}y)-f(x,y)={\frac {\partial f}{\partial x}}{\text{d}}x+{\frac {\partial f}{\partial y}}{\text{d}}y}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>d</mtext>
</mrow>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
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<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>d</mtext>
</mrow>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>y</mi>
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<mtext>d</mtext>
</mrow>
<mi>y</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>y</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mi>f</mi>
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<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
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<mtext>d</mtext>
</mrow>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
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<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mi>f</mi>
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<mi>y</mi>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>d</mtext>
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<mi>y</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\text{d}}f=f(x+{\text{d}}x,y+{\text{d}}y)-f(x,y)={\frac {\partial f}{\partial x}}{\text{d}}x+{\frac {\partial f}{\partial y}}{\text{d}}y}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1cf2c01b454d36c284bea912da1555a6b4462098.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:50.401ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\text{d}}f=f(x+{\text{d}}x,y+{\text{d}}y)-f(x,y)={\frac {\partial f}{\partial x}}{\text{d}}x+{\frac {\partial f}{\partial y}}{\text{d}}y}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<p>In erster Ordnung ergibt sich die Variation des Integrals also zu
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \int {\text{d}}t\left({\frac {\partial L}{\partial q}}\delta q+{\frac {\partial L}{\partial {\dot {q}}}}\delta {\dot {q}}\right)=\int {\text{d}}t\left({\frac {\partial L}{\partial q}}\delta q+{\frac {\partial L}{\partial {\dot {q}}}}{\frac {\text{d}}{{\text{d}}t}}\delta q\right)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo>∫<!-- ∫ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>d</mtext>
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<mi>t</mi>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
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<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mi>L</mi>
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<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
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<mi>δ<!-- δ --></mi>
<mi>q</mi>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>d</mtext>
</mrow>
<mi>t</mi>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
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<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
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<mi>q</mi>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
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<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mi>L</mi>
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<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \int {\text{d}}t\left({\frac {\partial L}{\partial q}}\delta q+{\frac {\partial L}{\partial {\dot {q}}}}\delta {\dot {q}}\right)=\int {\text{d}}t\left({\frac {\partial L}{\partial q}}\delta q+{\frac {\partial L}{\partial {\dot {q}}}}{\frac {\text{d}}{{\text{d}}t}}\delta q\right)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/81ff409915c024f41adc70577dd0e2d81cc766bf.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:52.518ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \int {\text{d}}t\left({\frac {\partial L}{\partial q}}\delta q+{\frac {\partial L}{\partial {\dot {q}}}}\delta {\dot {q}}\right)=\int {\text{d}}t\left({\frac {\partial L}{\partial q}}\delta q+{\frac {\partial L}{\partial {\dot {q}}}}{\frac {\text{d}}{{\text{d}}t}}\delta q\right)}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<p>Nun führt man eine <a href="Partielle_Integration" title="Partielle Integration">partielle Integration</a> in dem Term aus, der die Ableitung nach der Zeit enthält:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \int _{t_{1}}^{t_{2}}{\text{d}}t\left({\frac {\partial L}{\partial {\dot {q}}}}{\frac {\text{d}}{{\text{d}}t}}\delta q\right)=\left[{\frac {\partial L}{\partial {\dot {q}}}}\delta q\right]_{t_{1}}^{t_{2}}-\int _{t_{1}}^{t_{2}}{\text{d}}t\left(\delta q{\frac {\text{d}}{{\text{d}}t}}{\frac {\partial L}{\partial {\dot {q}}}}\right)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
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<mo>∫<!-- ∫ --></mo>
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<msubsup>
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</mrow>
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</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \int _{t_{1}}^{t_{2}}{\text{d}}t\left({\frac {\partial L}{\partial {\dot {q}}}}{\frac {\text{d}}{{\text{d}}t}}\delta q\right)=\left[{\frac {\partial L}{\partial {\dot {q}}}}\delta q\right]_{t_{1}}^{t_{2}}-\int _{t_{1}}^{t_{2}}{\text{d}}t\left(\delta q{\frac {\text{d}}{{\text{d}}t}}{\frac {\partial L}{\partial {\dot {q}}}}\right)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c08646c8e3ec8d8caace73146825e6ae475ad967.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.838ex; width:54.452ex; height:6.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \int _{t_{1}}^{t_{2}}{\text{d}}t\left({\frac {\partial L}{\partial {\dot {q}}}}{\frac {\text{d}}{{\text{d}}t}}\delta q\right)=\left[{\frac {\partial L}{\partial {\dot {q}}}}\delta q\right]_{t_{1}}^{t_{2}}-\int _{t_{1}}^{t_{2}}{\text{d}}t\left(\delta q{\frac {\text{d}}{{\text{d}}t}}{\frac {\partial L}{\partial {\dot {q}}}}\right)}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<p>Hierbei wird benutzt, dass
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \,\delta q(t_{1})=\delta q(t_{2})=0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \,\delta q(t_{1})=\delta q(t_{2})=0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1730b7c1aa912c88d68564112ce43f394658e68b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:19.389ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \,\delta q(t_{1})=\delta q(t_{2})=0}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>ist, da Anfangs- und Endpunkt festgehalten werden. Daher gilt für die Randterme
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \left[{\frac {\partial L}{\partial {\dot {q}}}}\delta q\right]_{t_{1}}^{t_{2}}=0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msubsup>
<mrow>
<mo>[</mo>
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</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \left[{\frac {\partial L}{\partial {\dot {q}}}}\delta q\right]_{t_{1}}^{t_{2}}=0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f55e9556569f9eacf844f688a12f53152db63f65.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.838ex; width:14.229ex; height:6.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \left[{\frac {\partial L}{\partial {\dot {q}}}}\delta q\right]_{t_{1}}^{t_{2}}=0}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Damit resultiert schließlich
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \int {\text{d}}t\left(-{\frac {\text{d}}{{\text{d}}t}}{\frac {\partial L}{\partial {\dot {q}}}}+{\frac {\partial L}{\partial q}}\right)\delta q\mathrel {\stackrel {!}{=}} 0\,.}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo>∫<!-- ∫ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>d</mtext>
</mrow>
<mi>t</mi>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mtext>d</mtext>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>d</mtext>
</mrow>
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mi>L</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>q</mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mi>L</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mi>q</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>δ<!-- δ --></mi>
<mi>q</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-REL">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-REL">
<mover>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-OP MJX-fixedlimits">
<mo>=</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>!</mo>
</mrow>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mn>0</mn>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \int {\text{d}}t\left(-{\frac {\text{d}}{{\text{d}}t}}{\frac {\partial L}{\partial {\dot {q}}}}+{\frac {\partial L}{\partial q}}\right)\delta q\mathrel {\stackrel {!}{=}} 0\,.}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7985688557b03d2d737f080118026411e0a1c463.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:31.412ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \int {\text{d}}t\left(-{\frac {\text{d}}{{\text{d}}t}}{\frac {\partial L}{\partial {\dot {q}}}}+{\frac {\partial L}{\partial q}}\right)\delta q\mathrel {\stackrel {!}{=}} 0\,.}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Da nun <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \delta q}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>δ<!-- δ --></mi>
<mi>q</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \delta q}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b04a2008f8892953aebfa2f8c83545ad7a9e56a1.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.118ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \delta q}" loading="lazy"></span> als Faktor des gesamten Integrals auftritt und beliebig ist, kann das Integral nur dann nach dem Variationsprinzip verschwinden, wenn der Integrand selbst verschwindet. Es folgen die <i>Lagrange-Gleichungen</i> oder <i>Lagrange-Gleichungen zweiter Art</i> (die <i>Euler-Lagrange-Gleichungen</i> des hier betrachteten Variationsproblems):
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {\text{d}}{{\text{d}}t}}{\frac {\partial L}{\partial {\dot {q}}_{i}}}-{\frac {\partial {L}}{\partial q_{i}}}=0\,.}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mtext>d</mtext>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>d</mtext>
</mrow>
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mi>L</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>q</mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>L</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<msub>
<mi>q</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {\text{d}}{{\text{d}}t}}{\frac {\partial L}{\partial {\dot {q}}_{i}}}-{\frac {\partial {L}}{\partial q_{i}}}=0\,.}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/828d04055ad66da890f5a513aaba69a59cd882da.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:19.425ex; height:6.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {\text{d}}{{\text{d}}t}}{\frac {\partial L}{\partial {\dot {q}}_{i}}}-{\frac {\partial {L}}{\partial q_{i}}}=0\,.}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Für jede generalisierte Koordinate <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle q_{i}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>q</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle q_{i}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2752dcbff884354069fe332b8e51eb0a70a531b6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.837ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle q_{i}}" loading="lazy"></span> (und die zugehörige generalisierte Geschwindigkeit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\dot {q}}_{i}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>q</mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\dot {q}}_{i}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/fa92ee5d3f74b0d1a40f53393bfec80758d3c2d3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:2.177ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\dot {q}}_{i}}" loading="lazy"></span>) gibt es eine solche Gleichung. Die Lagrange-Gleichungen bilden ein System <a href="Gew%C3%B6hnliche_Differentialgleichung" title="Gewöhnliche Differentialgleichung">gewöhnlicher Differentialgleichungen</a> zweiter Ordnung bezüglich der Zeitableitung. Wie viele Differentialgleichungen das im Endeffekt sind, weiß man erst, wenn die Zahl der <a href="Freiheitsgrade" class="mw-redirect" title="Freiheitsgrade">Freiheitsgrade</a> des Systems berechnet wurde.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Zyklische_Variablen_und_Symmetrie">Zyklische Variablen und Symmetrie</h2></div>
<p>Wenn die Lagrange-Funktion <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle L}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>L</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle L}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/103168b86f781fe6e9a4a87b8ea1cebe0ad4ede8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.583ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle L}" loading="lazy"></span> nicht von einer Koordinate <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle q}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>q</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle q}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/06809d64fa7c817ffc7e323f85997f783dbdf71d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.07ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle q}" loading="lazy"></span> abhängt, sondern nur von der zugehörigen Geschwindigkeit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\dot {q}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>q</mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\dot {q}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/399dc6b6e91a780c89824ccc26b4453b289e4387.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.377ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\dot {q}}}" loading="lazy"></span>, dann nennt man <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle q}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>q</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle q}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/06809d64fa7c817ffc7e323f85997f783dbdf71d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.07ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle q}" loading="lazy"></span> <i>zyklisch</i>, <i>zyklische Koordinate</i> oder <i>zyklische Variable</i>. Der zur zyklischen Variablen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle q}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>q</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle q}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/06809d64fa7c817ffc7e323f85997f783dbdf71d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.07ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle q}" loading="lazy"></span> <i><a href="Generalisierter_Impuls" title="Generalisierter Impuls">konjugierte Impuls</a></i>
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle p={\frac {\partial L}{\partial {\dot {q}}}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>p</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mi>L</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>q</mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle p={\frac {\partial L}{\partial {\dot {q}}}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f56f836f03e204d83f907d56139361c73a88260a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:8.094ex; height:5.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle p={\frac {\partial L}{\partial {\dot {q}}}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>ist eine Erhaltungsgröße; sein Wert ändert sich nicht während der Bewegung, wie gleich gezeigt wird: Wenn die Lagrange-Funktion nicht von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle q}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>q</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle q}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/06809d64fa7c817ffc7e323f85997f783dbdf71d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.07ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle q}" loading="lazy"></span> abhängt, gilt
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {\partial {L}}{\partial q}}=0\,.}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>L</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mi>q</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {\partial {L}}{\partial q}}=0\,.}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/eeaa4aebc7f63d0e5bb47615ef37f933d1aeda84.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:9.032ex; height:5.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {\partial {L}}{\partial q}}=0\,.}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Dann folgt aber aus der Euler-Lagrange-Gleichung, dass die Zeitableitung des zugehörigen konjugierten Impulses verschwindet und er somit zeitlich konstant ist:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {\mathrm {d} }{\mathrm {d} t}}{\frac {\partial L}{\partial {\dot {q}}}}=0\,,}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mi>L</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>q</mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mo>,</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {\mathrm {d} }{\mathrm {d} t}}{\frac {\partial L}{\partial {\dot {q}}}}=0\,,}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/36e675a8248fd5471594d42a5f40caeb17984e09.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:12ex; height:5.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {\mathrm {d} }{\mathrm {d} t}}{\frac {\partial L}{\partial {\dot {q}}}}=0\,,}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Allgemeiner gehört nach dem <a href="Noether-Theorem" title="Noether-Theorem">Noether-Theorem</a> zu jeder kontinuierlichen <a href="Symmetrie_(Physik)" title="Symmetrie (Physik)">Symmetrie</a> der Wirkung eine <a href="Erhaltungssatz" title="Erhaltungssatz">Erhaltungsgröße</a>. Bei einer zyklischen Variablen ist die Wirkung invariant unter der Verschiebung von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle q}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>q</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle q}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/06809d64fa7c817ffc7e323f85997f783dbdf71d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.07ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle q}" loading="lazy"></span> um eine beliebige Konstante, <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle q\rightarrow q+c\,.}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>q</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mi>q</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>c</mi>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle q\rightarrow q+c\,.}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/679bfceb015e37d9a0def64837655c1562489245.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:10.634ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle q\rightarrow q+c\,.}" loading="lazy"></span>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Erweiterung_auf_Felder">Erweiterung auf Felder</h2></div>
<p>In der <a href="Feldtheorie_(Physik)" title="Feldtheorie (Physik)">Feldtheorie</a> ergibt sich die Bewegungsgleichung aus dem <a href="Hamiltonsches_Prinzip#Das_Hamiltonsche_Prinzip_für_Felder" title="Hamiltonsches Prinzip">hamiltonschen Prinzip für Felder</a> zu
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {\partial {\mathcal {L}}}{\partial \phi _{i}}}-\sum _{j=1}^{3}{\frac {\partial }{\partial x_{j}}}{\frac {\partial {\mathcal {L}}}{\partial {\frac {\partial \phi _{i}}{\partial x_{j}}}}}-{\frac {\partial }{\partial t}}{\frac {\partial {\mathcal {L}}}{\partial {\frac {\partial \phi _{i}}{\partial t}}}}={\frac {\partial {\mathcal {L}}}{\partial \phi _{i}}}-{\partial _{\mu }}\left({\frac {\partial {\mathcal {L}}}{\partial (\partial _{\mu }\phi _{i})}}\right)=0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">L</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<msub>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<munderover>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>j</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</munderover>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>j</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">L</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<msub>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>j</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">L</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<msub>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">L</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<msub>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msub>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">L</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {\partial {\mathcal {L}}}{\partial \phi _{i}}}-\sum _{j=1}^{3}{\frac {\partial }{\partial x_{j}}}{\frac {\partial {\mathcal {L}}}{\partial {\frac {\partial \phi _{i}}{\partial x_{j}}}}}-{\frac {\partial }{\partial t}}{\frac {\partial {\mathcal {L}}}{\partial {\frac {\partial \phi _{i}}{\partial t}}}}={\frac {\partial {\mathcal {L}}}{\partial \phi _{i}}}-{\partial _{\mu }}\left({\frac {\partial {\mathcal {L}}}{\partial (\partial _{\mu }\phi _{i})}}\right)=0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/41ce115e77a3a1477ad39379fae8e4c91640dbf7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -4.505ex; width:61.665ex; height:8.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {\partial {\mathcal {L}}}{\partial \phi _{i}}}-\sum _{j=1}^{3}{\frac {\partial }{\partial x_{j}}}{\frac {\partial {\mathcal {L}}}{\partial {\frac {\partial \phi _{i}}{\partial x_{j}}}}}-{\frac {\partial }{\partial t}}{\frac {\partial {\mathcal {L}}}{\partial {\frac {\partial \phi _{i}}{\partial t}}}}={\frac {\partial {\mathcal {L}}}{\partial \phi _{i}}}-{\partial _{\mu }}\left({\frac {\partial {\mathcal {L}}}{\partial (\partial _{\mu }\phi _{i})}}\right)=0}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>wobei <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \phi =\phi (x,y,z,t)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>y</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>z</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \phi =\phi (x,y,z,t)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/00d18961b5cdec4ad5f9f88d6ab8e6c0784eae2b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:15.193ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \phi =\phi (x,y,z,t)}" loading="lazy"></span> das betrachtete <a href="Feld_(Physik)" title="Feld (Physik)">Feld</a> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\textstyle {\mathcal {L}}={\mathcal {L}}\left(\phi ,{\frac {\partial \phi }{\partial x}},{\frac {\partial \phi }{\partial y}},{\frac {\partial \phi }{\partial z}},{\frac {\partial \phi }{\partial t}},x,y,z,t\right)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">L</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">L</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mi>y</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mi>z</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>y</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>z</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\textstyle {\mathcal {L}}={\mathcal {L}}\left(\phi ,{\frac {\partial \phi }{\partial x}},{\frac {\partial \phi }{\partial y}},{\frac {\partial \phi }{\partial z}},{\frac {\partial \phi }{\partial t}},x,y,z,t\right)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/73101cee93a0d196b36185890bbd6b613b80c5c9.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:34.53ex; height:4.843ex;" alt="{\textstyle {\mathcal {L}}={\mathcal {L}}\left(\phi ,{\frac {\partial \phi }{\partial x}},{\frac {\partial \phi }{\partial y}},{\frac {\partial \phi }{\partial z}},{\frac {\partial \phi }{\partial t}},x,y,z,t\right)}" loading="lazy"></span> die <a href="Lagrange-Dichte" title="Lagrange-Dichte">Lagrange-Dichte</a> sind.
</p><p>Man kann dies in Kurzform auch schreiben als
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {\delta {\mathcal {L}}}{\delta \phi }}\equiv 0\,,}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>δ<!-- δ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">L</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mi>δ<!-- δ --></mi>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>≡<!-- ≡ --></mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mo>,</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {\delta {\mathcal {L}}}{\delta \phi }}\equiv 0\,,}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/793be4529200df90fd0b61f4e4cc189ebaf5e968.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:8.783ex; height:6.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {\delta {\mathcal {L}}}{\delta \phi }}\equiv 0\,,}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>mit der so definierten <a href="Gateaux-Differential" class="mw-redirect" title="Gateaux-Differential">Variationsableitung</a>&nbsp;&nbsp; <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {\delta {\mathcal {L}}}{\delta \phi }}:={\frac {\partial {\mathcal {L}}}{\partial \phi _{i}}}-{\partial _{\mu }}\left({\frac {\partial {\mathcal {L}}}{\partial (\partial _{\mu }\phi _{i})}}\right)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>δ<!-- δ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">L</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mi>δ<!-- δ --></mi>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>:=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">L</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<msub>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msub>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">L</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {\delta {\mathcal {L}}}{\delta \phi }}:={\frac {\partial {\mathcal {L}}}{\partial \phi _{i}}}-{\partial _{\mu }}\left({\frac {\partial {\mathcal {L}}}{\partial (\partial _{\mu }\phi _{i})}}\right)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b35ccd3c043a39af9b46764e49c32f0d0dbb1d9c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.671ex; width:29.286ex; height:6.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {\delta {\mathcal {L}}}{\delta \phi }}:={\frac {\partial {\mathcal {L}}}{\partial \phi _{i}}}-{\partial _{\mu }}\left({\frac {\partial {\mathcal {L}}}{\partial (\partial _{\mu }\phi _{i})}}\right)}" loading="lazy"></span>.
</p><p>Hinweis: Der Lagrange-Formalismus ist auch der Ausgangspunkt vieler Formulierungen der <a href="Quantenfeldtheorie" title="Quantenfeldtheorie">Quantenfeldtheorie</a>.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relativistische_Mechanik">Relativistische Mechanik</h2></div>
<p>In der <a href="Spezielle_Relativit%C3%A4tstheorie" title="Spezielle Relativitätstheorie">relativistischen</a> Mechanik kann die Lagrange-Funktion eines freien Teilchens aus dem hamiltonschen Prinzip abgeleitet werden, indem für die Wirkung der einfachste Fall eines relativistischen Skalars angenommen wird:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle S=-mc\int \mathrm {d} s=-mc^{2}\int \mathrm {d} t{\sqrt {1-{\frac {v^{2}}{c^{2}}}}}=\int L\,\mathrm {d} t}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>S</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>m</mi>
<mi>c</mi>
<mo>∫<!-- ∫ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>s</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>m</mi>
<msup>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>∫<!-- ∫ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>t</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msup>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msup>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>∫<!-- ∫ --></mo>
<mi>L</mi>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>t</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle S=-mc\int \mathrm {d} s=-mc^{2}\int \mathrm {d} t{\sqrt {1-{\frac {v^{2}}{c^{2}}}}}=\int L\,\mathrm {d} t}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/85f7590ed9c4f69f4c1ae51cfb3ce5d8bd539863.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:48.038ex; height:7.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle S=-mc\int \mathrm {d} s=-mc^{2}\int \mathrm {d} t{\sqrt {1-{\frac {v^{2}}{c^{2}}}}}=\int L\,\mathrm {d} t}" loading="lazy"></span>,</dd></dl>
<p>wobei <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\textstyle \mathrm {d} s=c\,\mathrm {d} \tau =c\,\mathrm {d} t{\sqrt {1-{\frac {v^{2}}{c^{2}}}}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>s</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>c</mi>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>τ<!-- τ --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>c</mi>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>t</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msup>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msup>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\textstyle \mathrm {d} s=c\,\mathrm {d} \tau =c\,\mathrm {d} t{\sqrt {1-{\frac {v^{2}}{c^{2}}}}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/dd80e5e5f93362d0e369f6d6c3080fcf375e86cc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.671ex; width:24.786ex; height:4.676ex;" alt="{\textstyle \mathrm {d} s=c\,\mathrm {d} \tau =c\,\mathrm {d} t{\sqrt {1-{\frac {v^{2}}{c^{2}}}}}}" loading="lazy"></span> das zur <a href="Eigenzeit" class="mw-redirect" title="Eigenzeit">Eigenzeit</a> proportionale relativistische Linienelement ist und ein konstanter Faktor <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \,(-mc)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>m</mi>
<mi>c</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \,(-mc)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c3a77b59b0579f30959f0c4f2b5f826f20db9618.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:7.052ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \,(-mc)}" loading="lazy"></span> gewählt wurde.
</p><p>Die Lagrange-Funktion eines freien Teilchens ist hier nicht mehr mit der kinetischen Energie identisch (manchmal spricht man deshalb auch von kinetischer Ergänzungsenergie T in der Lagrange-Funktion). Die relativistische kinetische Energie eines Körpers mit der Masse <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle m}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>m</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle m}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0a07d98bb302f3856cbabc47b2b9016692e3f7bc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.04ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle m}" loading="lazy"></span> und Geschwindigkeit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle v={\dot {\mathbf {x} }}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>v</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">x</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle v={\dot {\mathbf {x} }}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/390aca64e76f87bc53fd47cb368b25f1ed43335b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.637ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle v={\dot {\mathbf {x} }}}" loading="lazy"></span> ohne Zwangsbedingungen beträgt
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E={\frac {mc^{2}}{{\sqrt {1-{\frac {{\dot {\mathbf {x} }}^{2}}{c^{2}}}}}\,}}-mc^{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>E</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>m</mi>
<msup>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">x</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msup>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>m</mi>
<msup>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E={\frac {mc^{2}}{{\sqrt {1-{\frac {{\dot {\mathbf {x} }}^{2}}{c^{2}}}}}\,}}-mc^{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/68035b17654b286fb132ef5db6d66dc40b391eac.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -6.005ex; width:22.031ex; height:9.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E={\frac {mc^{2}}{{\sqrt {1-{\frac {{\dot {\mathbf {x} }}^{2}}{c^{2}}}}}\,}}-mc^{2}}" loading="lazy"></span>,</dd></dl>
<p>wohingegen für die Lagrange-Funktion die kinetische Ergänzungsenergie
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle T(\mathbf {x} ,{\dot {\mathbf {x} }},t)=-mc^{2}{\sqrt {1-{\frac {{\dot {\mathbf {x} }}^{2}}{c^{2}}}}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>T</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">x</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">x</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>m</mi>
<msup>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">x</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msup>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle T(\mathbf {x} ,{\dot {\mathbf {x} }},t)=-mc^{2}{\sqrt {1-{\frac {{\dot {\mathbf {x} }}^{2}}{c^{2}}}}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/768899bba08f5d5833a6fe446de98dabf1a2cf63.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.838ex; width:27.811ex; height:7.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle T(\mathbf {x} ,{\dot {\mathbf {x} }},t)=-mc^{2}{\sqrt {1-{\frac {{\dot {\mathbf {x} }}^{2}}{c^{2}}}}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>maßgeblich ist. Die Lagrange-Funktion für ein Teilchen in einem Potential V ergibt sich dann zu
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle L(\mathbf {x} ,{\dot {\mathbf {x} }},t)=T-V=-mc^{2}{\sqrt {1-{\frac {{\dot {\mathbf {x} }}^{2}}{c^{2}}}}}\,-\,V(\mathbf {x} ,{\dot {\mathbf {x} }},t)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>L</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">x</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">x</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>T</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>V</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>m</mi>
<msup>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">x</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msup>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>V</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">x</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">x</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle L(\mathbf {x} ,{\dot {\mathbf {x} }},t)=T-V=-mc^{2}{\sqrt {1-{\frac {{\dot {\mathbf {x} }}^{2}}{c^{2}}}}}\,-\,V(\mathbf {x} ,{\dot {\mathbf {x} }},t)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/458002a6071edcfa4c111c8501d98bd695d15c55.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.838ex; width:50.061ex; height:7.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle L(\mathbf {x} ,{\dot {\mathbf {x} }},t)=T-V=-mc^{2}{\sqrt {1-{\frac {{\dot {\mathbf {x} }}^{2}}{c^{2}}}}}\,-\,V(\mathbf {x} ,{\dot {\mathbf {x} }},t)}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<p>Für ein <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle N}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>N</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle N}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f5e3890c981ae85503089652feb48b191b57aae3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.064ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle N}" loading="lazy"></span>-Teilchensystem ist die Lagrange-Funktion mit den generalisierten Koordinaten
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle L(q_{1},\ldots ,q_{n},{\dot {q}}_{1},\ldots ,{\dot {q}}_{n},t)=-\sum _{i=1}^{N}m_{0,i}c^{2}{\sqrt {1-{\frac {{\dot {\mathbf {x} }}_{i}^{2}(q_{1},\ldots ,q_{n},{\dot {q}}_{1},\ldots ,{\dot {q}}_{n},t)}{c^{2}}}}}\,-\,V(q_{1},\ldots ,q_{n},{\dot {q}}_{1},\ldots ,{\dot {q}}_{n},t)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>L</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>q</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>q</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>q</mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>q</mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<munderover>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>N</mi>
</mrow>
</munderover>
<msub>
<mi>m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msup>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<msubsup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">x</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>q</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>q</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>q</mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>q</mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>V</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>q</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>q</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>q</mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>q</mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle L(q_{1},\ldots ,q_{n},{\dot {q}}_{1},\ldots ,{\dot {q}}_{n},t)=-\sum _{i=1}^{N}m_{0,i}c^{2}{\sqrt {1-{\frac {{\dot {\mathbf {x} }}_{i}^{2}(q_{1},\ldots ,q_{n},{\dot {q}}_{1},\ldots ,{\dot {q}}_{n},t)}{c^{2}}}}}\,-\,V(q_{1},\ldots ,q_{n},{\dot {q}}_{1},\ldots ,{\dot {q}}_{n},t)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/75e3c4d46554f35b207a156556621627edee2225.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:105.17ex; height:7.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle L(q_{1},\ldots ,q_{n},{\dot {q}}_{1},\ldots ,{\dot {q}}_{n},t)=-\sum _{i=1}^{N}m_{0,i}c^{2}{\sqrt {1-{\frac {{\dot {\mathbf {x} }}_{i}^{2}(q_{1},\ldots ,q_{n},{\dot {q}}_{1},\ldots ,{\dot {q}}_{n},t)}{c^{2}}}}}\,-\,V(q_{1},\ldots ,q_{n},{\dot {q}}_{1},\ldots ,{\dot {q}}_{n},t)}" loading="lazy"></span>,</dd></dl>
<p>wobei <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n=3N-s}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>3</mn>
<mi>N</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>s</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n=3N-s}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ad5f94c4268a0c99bdd113b0cd31bcee884e54a4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:11.65ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n=3N-s}" loading="lazy"></span> die Anzahl der Freiheitsgrade und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle s}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>s</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle s}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/01d131dfd7673938b947072a13a9744fe997e632.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.09ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle s}" loading="lazy"></span> die Anzahl der holonomen Zwangsbedingungen ist.
</p><p>Für kleine Geschwindigkeiten <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle |{\dot {\mathbf {x} }}|\ll c}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">x</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>≪<!-- ≪ --></mo>
<mi>c</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle |{\dot {\mathbf {x} }}|\ll c}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b29f94900465c0fbd94383d494d7082990309814.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:7.326ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle |{\dot {\mathbf {x} }}|\ll c}" loading="lazy"></span> kann man die Wurzel bis zur ersten Ordnung entwickeln <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\sqrt {1-x}}=1-x/2}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>x</mi>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\sqrt {1-x}}=1-x/2}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ac23e206852a068410403860cf692f403a445c4b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:18.024ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\sqrt {1-x}}=1-x/2}" loading="lazy"></span>:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle -mc^{2}{\sqrt {1-{\frac {{\dot {\mathbf {x} }}^{2}}{c^{2}}}}}=-mc^{2}+{\frac {m}{2}}{\dot {\mathbf {x} }}^{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>m</mi>
<msup>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">x</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msup>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>m</mi>
<msup>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>m</mi>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">x</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle -mc^{2}{\sqrt {1-{\frac {{\dot {\mathbf {x} }}^{2}}{c^{2}}}}}=-mc^{2}+{\frac {m}{2}}{\dot {\mathbf {x} }}^{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/80aca5f1597644c50b2ae0ca00ceecbecf36afb8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.838ex; width:32.728ex; height:7.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle -mc^{2}{\sqrt {1-{\frac {{\dot {\mathbf {x} }}^{2}}{c^{2}}}}}=-mc^{2}+{\frac {m}{2}}{\dot {\mathbf {x} }}^{2}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Die nullte Ordnung der Entwicklung ist eine Konstante, die negative Ruheenergie. Da die Lagrange-Gleichungen invariant sind unter Addition einer Konstanten zur Lagrange-Funktion, kann man den konstanten ersten Term weglassen und man erhält wieder die klassische kinetische Energie:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle L(q_{1},\ldots ,q_{n},{\dot {q}}_{1},\ldots ,{\dot {q}}_{n},t)=\sum _{i=1}^{N}{\frac {m_{0,i}}{2}}{\dot {\mathbf {x} }}_{i}^{2}(q_{1},\ldots ,q_{n},{\dot {q}}_{1},\ldots ,{\dot {q}}_{n},t)\,-\,V(q_{1},\ldots ,q_{n},{\dot {q}}_{1},\ldots ,{\dot {q}}_{n},t)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>L</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>q</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>q</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>q</mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>q</mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<munderover>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>N</mi>
</mrow>
</munderover>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msub>
<mi>m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<msubsup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">x</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>q</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>q</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>q</mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>q</mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>V</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>q</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
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</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>q</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>q</mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>q</mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle L(q_{1},\ldots ,q_{n},{\dot {q}}_{1},\ldots ,{\dot {q}}_{n},t)=\sum _{i=1}^{N}{\frac {m_{0,i}}{2}}{\dot {\mathbf {x} }}_{i}^{2}(q_{1},\ldots ,q_{n},{\dot {q}}_{1},\ldots ,{\dot {q}}_{n},t)\,-\,V(q_{1},\ldots ,q_{n},{\dot {q}}_{1},\ldots ,{\dot {q}}_{n},t)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f080ea5f029e0b018739e522cf5f634e859b02ab.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:94.587ex; height:7.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle L(q_{1},\ldots ,q_{n},{\dot {q}}_{1},\ldots ,{\dot {q}}_{n},t)=\sum _{i=1}^{N}{\frac {m_{0,i}}{2}}{\dot {\mathbf {x} }}_{i}^{2}(q_{1},\ldots ,q_{n},{\dot {q}}_{1},\ldots ,{\dot {q}}_{n},t)\,-\,V(q_{1},\ldots ,q_{n},{\dot {q}}_{1},\ldots ,{\dot {q}}_{n},t)}" loading="lazy"></span></dd>
<dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle L(q_{1},\ldots ,q_{n},{\dot {q}}_{1},\ldots ,{\dot {q}}_{n},t)=T(q_{1},\ldots ,q_{n},{\dot {q}}_{1},\ldots ,{\dot {q}}_{n},t)\,-\,V(q_{1},\ldots ,q_{n},{\dot {q}}_{1},\ldots ,{\dot {q}}_{n},t)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>L</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>q</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>q</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>q</mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>q</mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>T</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>q</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>q</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>q</mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>q</mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>V</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>q</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>q</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>q</mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>q</mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle L(q_{1},\ldots ,q_{n},{\dot {q}}_{1},\ldots ,{\dot {q}}_{n},t)=T(q_{1},\ldots ,q_{n},{\dot {q}}_{1},\ldots ,{\dot {q}}_{n},t)\,-\,V(q_{1},\ldots ,q_{n},{\dot {q}}_{1},\ldots ,{\dot {q}}_{n},t)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a47a4def0f9ef62a73ef6ebcc07a7d43ba56de2a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:85.06ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle L(q_{1},\ldots ,q_{n},{\dot {q}}_{1},\ldots ,{\dot {q}}_{n},t)=T(q_{1},\ldots ,q_{n},{\dot {q}}_{1},\ldots ,{\dot {q}}_{n},t)\,-\,V(q_{1},\ldots ,q_{n},{\dot {q}}_{1},\ldots ,{\dot {q}}_{n},t)}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Zusammenhang_mit_Pfadintegralen_in_der_Quantenmechanik">Zusammenhang mit Pfadintegralen in der Quantenmechanik</h2></div>
<p><a href="Richard_Feynman" title="Richard Feynman">Richard Feynman</a> hat als Erster diese Herangehensweise auch konsequent für die Herleitung der Gleichungen der <a href="Quantenmechanik" title="Quantenmechanik">Quantenmechanik</a> verwendet. In der klassischen Physik ergeben sich die oben beschriebenen Lagrange-Gleichungen aus der Forderung, dass das Wirkungsintegral stationär wird. In Feynmans <a href="Pfadintegral" title="Pfadintegral">Pfadintegral</a>-Formalismus ist die quantenmechanische Wahrscheinlichkeitsamplitude, dass ein System zwischen Anfangs- und Endbedingungen einen bestimmten Pfad einschlägt, proportional zu <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \exp(\mathrm {i} W/\hbar )}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>exp</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>W</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mi class="MJX-variant">ℏ<!-- ℏ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \exp(\mathrm {i} W/\hbar )}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/32255c4339d819e172e47505c53375d5dea44002.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:10.913ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \exp(\mathrm {i} W/\hbar )}" loading="lazy"></span> mit dem Wirkungsintegral <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle W}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>W</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle W}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/54a9c4c547f4d6111f81946cad242b18298d70b7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.435ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle W}" loading="lazy"></span>. Pfade in der Umgebung des klassischen Weges, für den die Variation von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle W}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>W</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle W}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/54a9c4c547f4d6111f81946cad242b18298d70b7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.435ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle W}" loading="lazy"></span> verschwindet, liefern dabei meist die Hauptbeiträge, da sich in ihrer Umgebung die Beiträge mit fast gleichen Phasenfaktoren addieren.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Beispiele">Beispiele</h2></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Masse_im_harmonischen_Potential_(konservativ)"><span id="Masse_im_harmonischen_Potential_.28konservativ.29"></span>Masse im harmonischen Potential (konservativ)</h3></div>

<p>Eine Masse <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle m}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>m</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle m}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0a07d98bb302f3856cbabc47b2b9016692e3f7bc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.04ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle m}" loading="lazy"></span> sei über zwei Federn mit Federkonstante <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle c}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>c</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle c}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/86a67b81c2de995bd608d5b2df50cd8cd7d92455.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.007ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle c}" loading="lazy"></span> und festen Randbedingungen verbunden. Grundvoraussetzung zur Beschreibung des Problems im Lagrange-Formalismus ist das Aufstellen der Lagrange-Funktion, indem man die Terme für kinetische Energie <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle T}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>T</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle T}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ec7200acd984a1d3a3d7dc455e262fbe54f7f6e0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.636ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle T}" loading="lazy"></span> und potentielle Energie <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>V</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/af0f6064540e84211d0ffe4dac72098adfa52845.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.787ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V}" loading="lazy"></span> aufstellt:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle T={\frac {1}{2}}m{\dot {x}}^{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>T</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mi>m</mi>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle T={\frac {1}{2}}m{\dot {x}}^{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d014bc8cae1deca4fb09381a65d8ea660d9070ad.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:11.158ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle T={\frac {1}{2}}m{\dot {x}}^{2}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V={\frac {1}{2}}cx^{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>V</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mi>c</mi>
<msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V={\frac {1}{2}}cx^{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f2f8cf0b5b25d3e44c4dfe12d18c4a4709daa63a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:10.275ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V={\frac {1}{2}}cx^{2}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Die Lagrange-Funktion lautet daher:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle L={\frac {1}{2}}m{\dot {x}}^{2}-{\frac {1}{2}}cx^{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>L</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mi>m</mi>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mi>c</mi>
<msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle L={\frac {1}{2}}m{\dot {x}}^{2}-{\frac {1}{2}}cx^{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/50d638234c010c7e517ce32235191b2ffd6f5fdd.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:19.334ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle L={\frac {1}{2}}m{\dot {x}}^{2}-{\frac {1}{2}}cx^{2}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Die Lagrange-Funktion wiederum wird zur analytischen Beschreibung des physikalischen Problems in die Euler-Lagrange-Gleichung eingesetzt, was dann auf Gleichungen führt, die den Bewegungsgleichungen in der Newtonschen Mechanik entsprechen. In diesem Beispiel lautet die <a href="Generalisierte_Koordinate" title="Generalisierte Koordinate">generalisierte Koordinate</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>x</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/87f9e315fd7e2ba406057a97300593c4802b53e4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.33ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x}" loading="lazy"></span>, die <i>Euler-Lagrange-Gleichung</i>
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mathrm {d} \over \mathrm {d} t}{\partial {L} \over \partial {\dot {x}}}={\partial {L} \over \partial x}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>L</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>L</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mathrm {d} \over \mathrm {d} t}{\partial {L} \over \partial {\dot {x}}}={\partial {L} \over \partial x}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/60eb0013802148d3259c4ab418223c220b5fc044.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:13.541ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mathrm {d} \over \mathrm {d} t}{\partial {L} \over \partial {\dot {x}}}={\partial {L} \over \partial x}}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<p>Dies führt mit obigen Formeln für <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle L}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>L</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle L}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/103168b86f781fe6e9a4a87b8ea1cebe0ad4ede8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.583ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle L}" loading="lazy"></span> auf
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \ {\frac {\mathrm {d} }{\mathrm {d} t}}\left(m{\dot {x}}\right)=-cx}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mi>m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>c</mi>
<mi>x</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \ {\frac {\mathrm {d} }{\mathrm {d} t}}\left(m{\dot {x}}\right)=-cx}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d0c0149d82b7d27fc051bf658d7c38238a85c17f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:16.359ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \ {\frac {\mathrm {d} }{\mathrm {d} t}}\left(m{\dot {x}}\right)=-cx}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>und damit auf die <a href="Bewegungsgleichung" title="Bewegungsgleichung">Bewegungsgleichung</a> des Systems:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ddot {x}}=-{\frac {c}{m}}x}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>¨<!-- ¨ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>c</mi>
<mi>m</mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mi>x</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ddot {x}}=-{\frac {c}{m}}x}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/26b82911a99be0fcf8a73fc84916b34d403fc2cf.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:10.442ex; height:4.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ddot {x}}=-{\frac {c}{m}}x}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<p>Die allgemeine Lösung dieser <a href="Differentialgleichung" title="Differentialgleichung">Differentialgleichung</a> ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x(t)=A\cos(\omega t+\varphi )}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>A</mi>
<mi>cos</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x(t)=A\cos(\omega t+\varphi )}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e62e2fc14edd9109752ccf9df3f1627362ec3b3e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:20.774ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x(t)=A\cos(\omega t+\varphi )}" loading="lazy"></span>, <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle t}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>t</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle t}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/65658b7b223af9e1acc877d848888ecdb4466560.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.84ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle t}" loading="lazy"></span> ist die Zeit, <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \textstyle \omega ={\sqrt {c/m}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>m</mi>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \textstyle \omega ={\sqrt {c/m}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ef8e46e081c2030bbaa86653a3695a0faa4240ed.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:11.078ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \textstyle \omega ={\sqrt {c/m}}}" loading="lazy"></span> die <a href="Kreisfrequenz" title="Kreisfrequenz">Kreisfrequenz</a>. Die konstante Amplitude <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7daff47fa58cdfd29dc333def748ff5fa4c923e3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.743ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A}" loading="lazy"></span> und Phase <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \varphi }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \varphi }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/33ee699558d09cf9d653f6351f9fda0b2f4aaa3e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:1.52ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \varphi }" loading="lazy"></span> können aus den Anfangsbedingungen bestimmt werden.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ladung_im_elektromagnetischen_Feld_(nicht-konservativ)"><span id="Ladung_im_elektromagnetischen_Feld_.28nicht-konservativ.29"></span>Ladung im elektromagnetischen Feld (nicht-konservativ)</h3></div>
<p>Eine Punktladung <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle q}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>q</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle q}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/06809d64fa7c817ffc7e323f85997f783dbdf71d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.07ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle q}" loading="lazy"></span> mit Masse <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle m}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>m</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle m}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0a07d98bb302f3856cbabc47b2b9016692e3f7bc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.04ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle m}" loading="lazy"></span> bewege sich im elektromagnetischen Feld. Die generalisierten Koordinaten entsprechen den kartesischen Koordinaten in 3 Raumdimensionen.
</p><p>Die Felder (Magnetfeld <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {B} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">B</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {B} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/cafb0ef39b0f5ffa23c170aa7f7b4e718327c4d1.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.901ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {B} }" loading="lazy"></span> und elektrisches Feld <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {E} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">E</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {E} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0d7f22b39d51f780fc02859059c1757c606b9de2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.757ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {E} }" loading="lazy"></span>) werden über das Skalarpotential <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \phi }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \phi }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/72b1f30316670aee6270a28334bdf4f5072cdde4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.385ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \phi }" loading="lazy"></span> und das Vektorpotential <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {A} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">A</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {A} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0795cc96c75d81520a120482662b90f024c9a1a1.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.019ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {A} }" loading="lazy"></span> bestimmt:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {B} (\mathbf {x} ,t)=\nabla \times \mathbf {A} (\mathbf {x} ,t)\ ,\quad \mathbf {E} (\mathbf {x} ,t)=-{\frac {\partial \mathbf {A} (\mathbf {x} ,t)}{\partial t}}-\nabla \phi (\mathbf {x} ,t)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">B</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">x</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∇<!-- ∇ --></mi>
<mo>×<!-- × --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">A</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">x</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<mo>,</mo>
<mspace width="1em"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">E</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">x</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">A</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">x</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∇<!-- ∇ --></mi>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">x</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {B} (\mathbf {x} ,t)=\nabla \times \mathbf {A} (\mathbf {x} ,t)\ ,\quad \mathbf {E} (\mathbf {x} ,t)=-{\frac {\partial \mathbf {A} (\mathbf {x} ,t)}{\partial t}}-\nabla \phi (\mathbf {x} ,t)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/af51d3c013e908df4b4750555b343e8eaaf75da3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:58.201ex; height:5.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {B} (\mathbf {x} ,t)=\nabla \times \mathbf {A} (\mathbf {x} ,t)\ ,\quad \mathbf {E} (\mathbf {x} ,t)=-{\frac {\partial \mathbf {A} (\mathbf {x} ,t)}{\partial t}}-\nabla \phi (\mathbf {x} ,t)}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Die kinetische Energie des Teilchens ist klassisch:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle T({\dot {\mathbf {x} }})={\frac {1}{2}}m{\dot {\mathbf {x} }}^{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>T</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">x</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mi>m</mi>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">x</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle T({\dot {\mathbf {x} }})={\frac {1}{2}}m{\dot {\mathbf {x} }}^{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3b83282d04b0d7d6bab834bddbb30d67766d20f9.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:14.459ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle T({\dot {\mathbf {x} }})={\frac {1}{2}}m{\dot {\mathbf {x} }}^{2}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Das „Potential“ ist hier allerdings geschwindigkeitsabhängig, man spricht deshalb wie oben dargestellt von einem <i>generalisierten Potential</i>:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V(\mathbf {x} ,{\dot {\mathbf {x} }},t)=q\left(\phi (\mathbf {x} ,t)-{\dot {\mathbf {x} }}\cdot \mathbf {A} (\mathbf {x} ,t)\right)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>V</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">x</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">x</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>q</mi>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">x</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">x</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">A</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">x</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V(\mathbf {x} ,{\dot {\mathbf {x} }},t)=q\left(\phi (\mathbf {x} ,t)-{\dot {\mathbf {x} }}\cdot \mathbf {A} (\mathbf {x} ,t)\right)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ff788179e7e03751762c8fe55a03f6b390caaffe.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:35.213ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V(\mathbf {x} ,{\dot {\mathbf {x} }},t)=q\left(\phi (\mathbf {x} ,t)-{\dot {\mathbf {x} }}\cdot \mathbf {A} (\mathbf {x} ,t)\right)}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Somit ist die Lagrange-Funktion eines geladenen Teilchens im elektromagnetischen Feld:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle L(\mathbf {x} ,{\dot {\mathbf {x} }},t)={\frac {1}{2}}\,m\,{\dot {\mathbf {x} }}^{2}-q\,\phi (\mathbf {x} ,t)+q\,{\dot {\mathbf {x} }}\cdot \mathbf {A} (\mathbf {x} ,t)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>L</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">x</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">x</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>m</mi>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">x</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>q</mi>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">x</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>q</mi>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">x</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">A</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">x</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle L(\mathbf {x} ,{\dot {\mathbf {x} }},t)={\frac {1}{2}}\,m\,{\dot {\mathbf {x} }}^{2}-q\,\phi (\mathbf {x} ,t)+q\,{\dot {\mathbf {x} }}\cdot \mathbf {A} (\mathbf {x} ,t)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0c73187b9e433848cf6a369009c70a81ac521772.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:44.775ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle L(\mathbf {x} ,{\dot {\mathbf {x} }},t)={\frac {1}{2}}\,m\,{\dot {\mathbf {x} }}^{2}-q\,\phi (\mathbf {x} ,t)+q\,{\dot {\mathbf {x} }}\cdot \mathbf {A} (\mathbf {x} ,t)}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Die Euler-Lagrange-Gleichung <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {d}{dt}}\nabla _{\dot {\mathbf {x} }}L-\nabla _{\mathbf {x} }L=0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>d</mi>
<mrow>
<mi>d</mi>
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∇<!-- ∇ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">x</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mi>L</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∇<!-- ∇ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">x</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mi>L</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {d}{dt}}\nabla _{\dot {\mathbf {x} }}L-\nabla _{\mathbf {x} }L=0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6450809b0babcc1ba5e865d3c1d443be6b9129bb.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:19.49ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {d}{dt}}\nabla _{\dot {\mathbf {x} }}L-\nabla _{\mathbf {x} }L=0}" loading="lazy"></span> führt auf die Bewegungsgleichung, auf deren rechter Seite die <a href="Lorentzkraft" title="Lorentzkraft">Lorentzkraft</a> steht:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle m\,{\ddot {\mathbf {x} }}=q\,{\dot {\mathbf {x} }}\times \left(\nabla \times \mathbf {A} (\mathbf {x} ,t)\right)-q\,{\frac {\partial }{\partial t}}\mathbf {A} (\mathbf {x} ,t)-q\,\nabla \phi (\mathbf {x} ,t)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>m</mi>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">x</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>¨<!-- ¨ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>q</mi>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">x</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>×<!-- × --></mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∇<!-- ∇ --></mi>
<mo>×<!-- × --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">A</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">x</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>q</mi>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">A</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">x</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>q</mi>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∇<!-- ∇ --></mi>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">x</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle m\,{\ddot {\mathbf {x} }}=q\,{\dot {\mathbf {x} }}\times \left(\nabla \times \mathbf {A} (\mathbf {x} ,t)\right)-q\,{\frac {\partial }{\partial t}}\mathbf {A} (\mathbf {x} ,t)-q\,\nabla \phi (\mathbf {x} ,t)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e5eb442c5b6673c7b3459e9700943026333ab417.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:53.46ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle m\,{\ddot {\mathbf {x} }}=q\,{\dot {\mathbf {x} }}\times \left(\nabla \times \mathbf {A} (\mathbf {x} ,t)\right)-q\,{\frac {\partial }{\partial t}}\mathbf {A} (\mathbf {x} ,t)-q\,\nabla \phi (\mathbf {x} ,t)}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Masse_an_Trommel_(nicht-konservativ)"><span id="Masse_an_Trommel_.28nicht-konservativ.29"></span>Masse an Trommel (nicht-konservativ)</h3></div>

<p>Die Achse einer Aufzugtrommel wird durch ein externes <a href="Drehmoment" title="Drehmoment">Drehmoment</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle M(t)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>M</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle M(t)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/fec7adc70ea0e1d365e5f7244b6f7ddad9fbf485.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.091ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle M(t)}" loading="lazy"></span> angetrieben. Die <a href="Masse_(Physik)" title="Masse (Physik)">Masse</a> der Last beträgt <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle m}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>m</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle m}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0a07d98bb302f3856cbabc47b2b9016692e3f7bc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.04ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle m}" loading="lazy"></span>, das <a href="Massentr%C3%A4gheitsmoment" class="mw-redirect" title="Massenträgheitsmoment">Massenträgheitsmoment</a> der Trommel ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle J}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>J</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle J}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/359e4f407b49910e02c27c2f52e87a36cd74c053.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.471ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle J}" loading="lazy"></span>. Der Radius der Trommel ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>r</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle r}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0d1ecb613aa2984f0576f70f86650b7c2a132538.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.049ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r}" loading="lazy"></span>.
</p><p>Zwischen den Koordinaten <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>x</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/87f9e315fd7e2ba406057a97300593c4802b53e4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.33ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \varphi }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \varphi }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/33ee699558d09cf9d653f6351f9fda0b2f4aaa3e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:1.52ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \varphi }" loading="lazy"></span> besteht folgende Beziehung:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x=r\varphi }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>r</mi>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x=r\varphi }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b1f7807da64e5df3a1bf6a052623ae53f8597185.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:6.997ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x=r\varphi }" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Rightarrow \;{\dot {x}}=r{\dot {\varphi }}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">⇒<!-- ⇒ --></mo>
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Rightarrow \;{\dot {x}}=r{\dot {\varphi }}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/da2c8a4f63666b159100450e737626e55df799fc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:10.626ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Rightarrow \;{\dot {x}}=r{\dot {\varphi }}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Rightarrow \;\delta x=r\delta \varphi }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">⇒<!-- ⇒ --></mo>
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>δ<!-- δ --></mi>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>r</mi>
<mi>δ<!-- δ --></mi>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Rightarrow \;\delta x=r\delta \varphi }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e9e1f7f53a75eb8d4ea0746c2b163147c06f029c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:12.708ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Rightarrow \;\delta x=r\delta \varphi }" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<p>Die Größen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>x</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/87f9e315fd7e2ba406057a97300593c4802b53e4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.33ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \varphi }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \varphi }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/33ee699558d09cf9d653f6351f9fda0b2f4aaa3e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:1.52ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \varphi }" loading="lazy"></span> sind also nicht unabhängig voneinander. Man wähle <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \varphi }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \varphi }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/33ee699558d09cf9d653f6351f9fda0b2f4aaa3e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:1.52ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \varphi }" loading="lazy"></span> als generalisierte Koordinate.
</p><p>Die <a href="Kinetische_Energie" title="Kinetische Energie">kinetische Energie</a> ist:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle T={\frac {1}{2}}\left(m{\dot {x}}^{2}+J{\dot {\varphi }}^{2}\right)={\frac {1}{2}}\left(mr^{2}+J\right)\ {\dot {\varphi }}^{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>T</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mi>m</mi>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>J</mi>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mi>m</mi>
<msup>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>J</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle T={\frac {1}{2}}\left(m{\dot {x}}^{2}+J{\dot {\varphi }}^{2}\right)={\frac {1}{2}}\left(mr^{2}+J\right)\ {\dot {\varphi }}^{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/18cd154f301c2d17d070068428a9f8fbb33ddf03.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:40.201ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle T={\frac {1}{2}}\left(m{\dot {x}}^{2}+J{\dot {\varphi }}^{2}\right)={\frac {1}{2}}\left(mr^{2}+J\right)\ {\dot {\varphi }}^{2}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Die <a href="Virtuelle_Arbeit" title="Virtuelle Arbeit">virtuelle Arbeit</a> der eingeprägten Kräfte ist
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \delta W=-mg\,\delta x+M\,\delta \varphi =(-mgr+M)\,\delta \varphi }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>δ<!-- δ --></mi>
<mi>W</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>m</mi>
<mi>g</mi>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>δ<!-- δ --></mi>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>M</mi>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>δ<!-- δ --></mi>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>m</mi>
<mi>g</mi>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>M</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>δ<!-- δ --></mi>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \delta W=-mg\,\delta x+M\,\delta \varphi =(-mgr+M)\,\delta \varphi }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/27b08112d6c46aa30e04697938096742c68b0d0a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:41.71ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \delta W=-mg\,\delta x+M\,\delta \varphi =(-mgr+M)\,\delta \varphi }" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Nach dem Prinzip der virtuellen Arbeit gilt <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \,\delta W=0.}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>δ<!-- δ --></mi>
<mi>W</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0.</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \,\delta W=0.}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/67312a343b301429866c7dd39d75b386a2cbf6cc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:8.779ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \,\delta W=0.}" loading="lazy"></span>
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Rightarrow \;Q=-mgr+M}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">⇒<!-- ⇒ --></mo>
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>Q</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>m</mi>
<mi>g</mi>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>M</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Rightarrow \;Q=-mgr+M}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2362b813e2ed5d2dd502e1530fe0f6e135e4fd95.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:19.847ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Rightarrow \;Q=-mgr+M}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<p>Eingesetzt in die Lagrangegleichung für diesen Fall
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {{\text{d}} \over {\text{d}}t}{\partial {T} \over \partial {\dot {\varphi }}}-{\partial {T} \over \partial \varphi }=Q}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>d</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>d</mtext>
</mrow>
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>T</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>T</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>Q</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {{\text{d}} \over {\text{d}}t}{\partial {T} \over \partial {\dot {\varphi }}}-{\partial {T} \over \partial \varphi }=Q}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9c5a1e945d6e2921e043f9c69e8f056d90c8665f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:18.326ex; height:6.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {{\text{d}} \over {\text{d}}t}{\partial {T} \over \partial {\dot {\varphi }}}-{\partial {T} \over \partial \varphi }=Q}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>folgt schließlich die <a href="Bewegungsgleichung" title="Bewegungsgleichung">Bewegungsgleichung</a>
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \left(mr^{2}+J\right){\ddot {\varphi }}=-mgr+M}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mi>m</mi>
<msup>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>J</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mo>¨<!-- ¨ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>m</mi>
<mi>g</mi>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>M</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \left(mr^{2}+J\right){\ddot {\varphi }}=-mgr+M}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a7cdcfc8b136145b0c66545c4246b4e336ac5143.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:26.901ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \left(mr^{2}+J\right){\ddot {\varphi }}=-mgr+M}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Die Auflösung dieser Gleichung nach der Winkelbeschleunigung ergibt
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ddot {\varphi }}={\frac {-mgr+M}{mr^{2}+J}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mo>¨<!-- ¨ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>m</mi>
<mi>g</mi>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>M</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mi>m</mi>
<msup>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>J</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ddot {\varphi }}={\frac {-mgr+M}{mr^{2}+J}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7543bf0f3881e10af57df1d38d0b97e0e8878cb4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:16.765ex; height:5.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ddot {\varphi }}={\frac {-mgr+M}{mr^{2}+J}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p><i>Weitere Bemerkungen</i>:
</p><p>Dieses Beispiel des Aufzugs ist ein <i>nicht-konservatives</i> Kräftesystem, da die verallgemeinerte Kraft <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Q=-mgr+M}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>Q</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>m</mi>
<mi>g</mi>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>M</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Q=-mgr+M}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4fd39d88c8f92b2a8469bd17d0604d527c5be7c5.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:16.233ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Q=-mgr+M}" loading="lazy"></span> über das Drehmoment der Trommel explizit von der Zeit abhängt.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Atwoodsche_Fallmaschine_(Methode_erster_Art)"><span id="Atwoodsche_Fallmaschine_.28Methode_erster_Art.29"></span>Atwoodsche Fallmaschine (Methode erster Art)</h3></div>

<div class="hauptartikel" role="navigation"><span class="hauptartikel-pfeil" title="siehe" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation">→&nbsp;</span><i><span class="hauptartikel-text">Hauptartikel</span>: <a href="Atwoodsche_Fallmaschine" title="Atwoodsche Fallmaschine">Atwoodsche Fallmaschine</a></i></div>
<p>Bei der Atwoodschen Fallmaschine betrachtet man zwei Punktmassen im Gravitationsfeld der Erde, die über eine Rolle in der Höhe <i>h</i> aufgehängt und durch ein Seil der Länge <i>l</i> verbunden seien. Die Zwangsbedingung lautet in diesem Fall:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \,F:=y_{1}+y_{2}+l-2h=0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>F</mi>
<mo>:=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>l</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>h</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \,F:=y_{1}+y_{2}+l-2h=0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b1d22ebeb39d9f4f47167c05dcb4c6b13eeb4888.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:26.237ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \,F:=y_{1}+y_{2}+l-2h=0}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Wird das Seil berücksichtigt, das auf der Rolle (Rollenradius r) liegt, dann ergibt sich:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle F:=y_{1}+y_{2}+l-2h-\pi \ r=0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>F</mi>
<mo>:=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>l</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>h</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle F:=y_{1}+y_{2}+l-2h-\pi \ r=0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f67afb0ece636a77592508f4af03be33d6e485a8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:31.652ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle F:=y_{1}+y_{2}+l-2h-\pi \ r=0}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Die potentielle Energie <i>V</i> berechnet sich zu:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V:=m_{1}gy_{1}+m_{2}gy_{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>V</mi>
<mo>:=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mi>g</mi>
<msub>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mi>g</mi>
<msub>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V:=m_{1}gy_{1}+m_{2}gy_{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a6b2cc62a8c0db165b70ef3be4411a817b67cc75.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:21.181ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V:=m_{1}gy_{1}+m_{2}gy_{2}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Für die Gradienten erhält man
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {\partial F}{\partial y_{1}}}=1,\qquad {\frac {\partial F}{\partial y_{2}}}=1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mi>F</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<msub>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mspace width="2em"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mi>F</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<msub>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {\partial F}{\partial y_{1}}}=1,\qquad {\frac {\partial F}{\partial y_{2}}}=1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/98b931c3bba16856652b46651e420b7cc3625c00.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:22.896ex; height:6.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {\partial F}{\partial y_{1}}}=1,\qquad {\frac {\partial F}{\partial y_{2}}}=1}" loading="lazy"></span></dd>
<dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {\partial V}{\partial y_{1}}}=m_{1}g,\qquad {\frac {\partial V}{\partial y_{2}}}=m_{2}g}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mi>V</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<msub>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mi>g</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mspace width="2em"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mi>V</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<msub>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mi>g</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {\partial V}{\partial y_{1}}}=m_{1}g,\qquad {\frac {\partial V}{\partial y_{2}}}=m_{2}g}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/aebe7863503bb0bd006e9a793156a3011b1a7d22.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:28.993ex; height:6.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {\partial V}{\partial y_{1}}}=m_{1}g,\qquad {\frac {\partial V}{\partial y_{2}}}=m_{2}g}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Dies führt auf das System der Lagrange-Gleichungen 1.&nbsp;Art:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{matrix}m_{1}{\ddot {y}}_{1}&amp;=&amp;-m_{1}g+\lambda \\m_{2}{\ddot {y}}_{2}&amp;=&amp;-m_{2}g+\lambda \\y_{1}+y_{2}+l-2h&amp;=&amp;0\end{matrix}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtable rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mi>m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>y</mi>
<mo>¨<!-- ¨ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mo>=</mo>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mi>g</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mi>m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>y</mi>
<mo>¨<!-- ¨ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mo>=</mo>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mi>g</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>l</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>h</mi>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mo>=</mo>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{matrix}m_{1}{\ddot {y}}_{1}&amp;=&amp;-m_{1}g+\lambda \\m_{2}{\ddot {y}}_{2}&amp;=&amp;-m_{2}g+\lambda \\y_{1}+y_{2}+l-2h&amp;=&amp;0\end{matrix}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/83e8d22eef7efeb4d0f0c570e668c794fa103360.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.937ex; margin-bottom: -0.234ex; width:33.522ex; height:9.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{matrix}m_{1}{\ddot {y}}_{1}&amp;=&amp;-m_{1}g+\lambda \\m_{2}{\ddot {y}}_{2}&amp;=&amp;-m_{2}g+\lambda \\y_{1}+y_{2}+l-2h&amp;=&amp;0\end{matrix}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Dies kann man auflösen und erhält z.&nbsp;B. für bekannte Anfangsbedingungen:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{matrix}y_{1}(t)&amp;=&amp;{\frac {1}{2}}{m_{2}-m_{1} \over {m_{1}+m_{2}}}gt^{2}+{\dot {y}}_{1,0}t+y_{1,0}\\\lambda &amp;=&amp;2g{\frac {m_{1}m_{2}}{m_{1}+m_{2}}}\end{matrix}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtable rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mo>=</mo>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mi>m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msub>
<mi>m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mi>g</mi>
<msup>
<mi>t</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>y</mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mo>=</mo>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>g</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mi>m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mi>m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mi>m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
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</mfrac>
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</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{matrix}y_{1}(t)&amp;=&amp;{\frac {1}{2}}{m_{2}-m_{1} \over {m_{1}+m_{2}}}gt^{2}+{\dot {y}}_{1,0}t+y_{1,0}\\\lambda &amp;=&amp;2g{\frac {m_{1}m_{2}}{m_{1}+m_{2}}}\end{matrix}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f275638b12c7a5ac6561c4fe4ba1bb639c131ef2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.505ex; width:37.008ex; height:8.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{matrix}y_{1}(t)&amp;=&amp;{\frac {1}{2}}{m_{2}-m_{1} \over {m_{1}+m_{2}}}gt^{2}+{\dot {y}}_{1,0}t+y_{1,0}\\\lambda &amp;=&amp;2g{\frac {m_{1}m_{2}}{m_{1}+m_{2}}}\end{matrix}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mit_einem_Seil_verbundene_Teilchen_auf_einer_Platte_mit_Loch_(Zweikörperproblem_mit_Methode_2._Art)"><span id="Mit_einem_Seil_verbundene_Teilchen_auf_einer_Platte_mit_Loch_.28Zweik.C3.B6rperproblem_mit_Methode_2._Art.29"></span>Mit einem Seil verbundene Teilchen auf einer Platte mit Loch (Zweikörperproblem mit Methode 2. Art)</h3></div>
<p>Die 1. Masse (<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle m_{1}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle m_{1}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/31aafa60e48d39ccce922404c0b80340b2cc777a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.095ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle m_{1}}" loading="lazy"></span>) ist auf einer dünnen Platte durch ein Loch in der Mitte der Platte durch ein Seil mit konstanter Länge (<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle l}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>l</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle l}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/829091f745070b9eb97a80244129025440a1cfac.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.693ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle l}" loading="lazy"></span>) mit einer 2. Masse (<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle m_{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle m_{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0ecebe334d5cadc3ffcf245eb02919034d7a2ec8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.095ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle m_{2}}" loading="lazy"></span>) verbunden, die sich nur in z-Richtung bewegt (die z-Achse zeige in Richtung Erdmittelpunkt).
</p><p>Die Zwangsbedingungen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle g_{i}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>g</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle g_{i}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2ce36142a0a1c6660e82bdf3ef3f1551317efe0c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.909ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle g_{i}}" loading="lazy"></span> lauten:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle g_{1}=z_{1}=0;\quad g_{2}=x_{2}=0;\quad g_{3}=y_{2}=0;\quad g_{4}={\sqrt {x_{1}^{2}+y_{1}^{2}}}+z_{2}-l=0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>g</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>z</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>;</mo>
<mspace width="1em"></mspace>
<msub>
<mi>g</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>;</mo>
<mspace width="1em"></mspace>
<msub>
<mi>g</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>;</mo>
<mspace width="1em"></mspace>
<msub>
<mi>g</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>4</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<msubsup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo>+</mo>
<msubsup>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>z</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>l</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle g_{1}=z_{1}=0;\quad g_{2}=x_{2}=0;\quad g_{3}=y_{2}=0;\quad g_{4}={\sqrt {x_{1}^{2}+y_{1}^{2}}}+z_{2}-l=0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/dece2d5d51d245ddac1b298eac5fbbfefe317f7d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:73.145ex; height:4.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle g_{1}=z_{1}=0;\quad g_{2}=x_{2}=0;\quad g_{3}=y_{2}=0;\quad g_{4}={\sqrt {x_{1}^{2}+y_{1}^{2}}}+z_{2}-l=0}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Aus 4 Zwangsbedingungen bei 2 Massen im <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{3}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{3}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f936ddf584f8f3dd2a0ed08917001b7a404c10b5.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.732ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{3}}" loading="lazy"></span> ergeben sich <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 6-4=2}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mn>6</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>4</mn>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 6-4=2}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d8a23addca2f6f6c52975730aa248346db6e4e06.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:9.426ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 6-4=2}" loading="lazy"></span> Freiheitsgrade. Für dieses Problem empfiehlt es sich aufgrund der Azimutalsymmetrie Zylinderkoordinaten zu verwenden. So können die generalisierten Koordinaten einfach bestimmt werden.
</p><p>In Zylinderkoordinaten können die beiden generalisierten Koordinaten nun als
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle q_{1}=r_{1}={\sqrt {x_{1}^{2}+y_{1}^{2}}},\qquad q_{2}=\phi _{1}=\arctan {\frac {y_{1}}{x_{1}}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>q</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<msubsup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo>+</mo>
<msubsup>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mspace width="2em"></mspace>
<msub>
<mi>q</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>arctan</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msub>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle q_{1}=r_{1}={\sqrt {x_{1}^{2}+y_{1}^{2}}},\qquad q_{2}=\phi _{1}=\arctan {\frac {y_{1}}{x_{1}}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/981b231d3ae1843c678409c477f86cba6dbcb8dd.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.171ex; width:46.634ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle q_{1}=r_{1}={\sqrt {x_{1}^{2}+y_{1}^{2}}},\qquad q_{2}=\phi _{1}=\arctan {\frac {y_{1}}{x_{1}}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>gewählt werden, wobei mittels der 4. Zwangsbedingung auch die Bewegung der <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle m_{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle m_{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0ecebe334d5cadc3ffcf245eb02919034d7a2ec8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.095ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle m_{2}}" loading="lazy"></span> durch <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r_{1}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle r_{1}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ea214f2b31fb3869344bb9311da41c5cc38a99e1.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.103ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r_{1}}" loading="lazy"></span> beschrieben wird;
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle g_{4}=r_{1}+z_{2}-l=0\Leftrightarrow z_{2}=l-r_{1}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>g</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>4</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>z</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>l</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">⇔<!-- ⇔ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>z</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>l</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle g_{4}=r_{1}+z_{2}-l=0\Leftrightarrow z_{2}=l-r_{1}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/44dd4252cbaf37560f91af804fed9f348ac6b12a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:34.62ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle g_{4}=r_{1}+z_{2}-l=0\Leftrightarrow z_{2}=l-r_{1}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Die kinetische Energie des Systems lautet nun
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E_{\mathrm {kin} }={\frac {m_{1}+m_{2}}{2}}{\dot {r}}_{1}^{2}+{\frac {m_{1}}{2}}r_{1}^{2}{\dot {\phi }}_{1}^{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">k</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mi>m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<msubsup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msub>
<mi>m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<msubsup>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<msubsup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E_{\mathrm {kin} }={\frac {m_{1}+m_{2}}{2}}{\dot {r}}_{1}^{2}+{\frac {m_{1}}{2}}r_{1}^{2}{\dot {\phi }}_{1}^{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f32d53bd69c27a18b17d6f8ee49401985477264e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:30.893ex; height:5.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E_{\mathrm {kin} }={\frac {m_{1}+m_{2}}{2}}{\dot {r}}_{1}^{2}+{\frac {m_{1}}{2}}r_{1}^{2}{\dot {\phi }}_{1}^{2}}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<p>Da <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle z_{1}=0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>z</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle z_{1}=0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/bb228b24999100e0f940d67789f0442b65c2200b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:6.396ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle z_{1}=0}" loading="lazy"></span> und sich damit nur die potentielle Energie bei der 2. Masse verändert, lautet sie
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E_{\mathrm {pot} }=m_{2}gr_{1}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">p</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">o</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">t</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mi>g</mi>
<msub>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E_{\mathrm {pot} }=m_{2}gr_{1}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0b39df81efb3a6eeaf26d4af5fbfc4e9fcbcd370.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:13.735ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E_{\mathrm {pot} }=m_{2}gr_{1}}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<p>Daraus folgt dann die Lagrangefunktion
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle L=T-V={\frac {m_{1}+m_{2}}{2}}{\dot {r}}_{1}^{2}+{\frac {m_{1}}{2}}r_{1}^{2}{\dot {\phi }}_{1}^{2}-m_{2}gr_{1}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>L</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>T</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>V</mi>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mi>m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
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<msubsup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
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</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
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<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msub>
<mi>m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
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</msub>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<msubsup>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<msubsup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mi>g</mi>
<msub>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle L=T-V={\frac {m_{1}+m_{2}}{2}}{\dot {r}}_{1}^{2}+{\frac {m_{1}}{2}}r_{1}^{2}{\dot {\phi }}_{1}^{2}-m_{2}gr_{1}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ac90b68b5d43634fb5a84075d1d03b549c0c31bc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:46.805ex; height:5.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle L=T-V={\frac {m_{1}+m_{2}}{2}}{\dot {r}}_{1}^{2}+{\frac {m_{1}}{2}}r_{1}^{2}{\dot {\phi }}_{1}^{2}-m_{2}gr_{1}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Da bei dieser Problemstellung zwei generalisierte Koordinaten vorliegen, folgt jeweils eine Bewegungsgleichung für <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r_{1}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle r_{1}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ea214f2b31fb3869344bb9311da41c5cc38a99e1.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.103ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r_{1}}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \phi _{1}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \phi _{1}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3cf64c7dccd0c826bec4f0df13d467daf64ccf06.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.44ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \phi _{1}}" loading="lazy"></span>:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {\partial L}{\partial r_{1}}}=m_{1}r_{1}{\dot {\phi }}_{1}^{2}-m_{2}g;\quad {\frac {\mathrm {d} }{\mathrm {d} t}}{\frac {\partial L}{\partial {\dot {r}}_{1}}}={\frac {\mathrm {d} }{\mathrm {d} t}}(m_{1}+m_{2}){\dot {r}}_{1}=(m_{1}+m_{2}){\ddot {r}}_{1}\quad \Rightarrow \quad (m_{1}+m_{2}){\ddot {r}}_{1}=m_{1}r_{1}{\dot {\phi }}_{1}^{2}-m_{2}g}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
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<mi>L</mi>
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<msub>
<mi>r</mi>
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<mn>1</mn>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>m</mi>
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<mn>2</mn>
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<mi>g</mi>
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<msubsup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
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</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {\partial L}{\partial r_{1}}}=m_{1}r_{1}{\dot {\phi }}_{1}^{2}-m_{2}g;\quad {\frac {\mathrm {d} }{\mathrm {d} t}}{\frac {\partial L}{\partial {\dot {r}}_{1}}}={\frac {\mathrm {d} }{\mathrm {d} t}}(m_{1}+m_{2}){\dot {r}}_{1}=(m_{1}+m_{2}){\ddot {r}}_{1}\quad \Rightarrow \quad (m_{1}+m_{2}){\ddot {r}}_{1}=m_{1}r_{1}{\dot {\phi }}_{1}^{2}-m_{2}g}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/bac20425234318068b626d72958780facceb057f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:107.798ex; height:5.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {\partial L}{\partial r_{1}}}=m_{1}r_{1}{\dot {\phi }}_{1}^{2}-m_{2}g;\quad {\frac {\mathrm {d} }{\mathrm {d} t}}{\frac {\partial L}{\partial {\dot {r}}_{1}}}={\frac {\mathrm {d} }{\mathrm {d} t}}(m_{1}+m_{2}){\dot {r}}_{1}=(m_{1}+m_{2}){\ddot {r}}_{1}\quad \Rightarrow \quad (m_{1}+m_{2}){\ddot {r}}_{1}=m_{1}r_{1}{\dot {\phi }}_{1}^{2}-m_{2}g}" loading="lazy"></span></dd>
<dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {\partial L}{\partial \phi _{1}}}=0;\quad {\frac {\mathrm {d} }{\mathrm {d} t}}{\frac {\partial L}{\partial {\dot {\phi }}_{1}}}={\frac {\mathrm {d} }{\mathrm {d} t}}m_{1}r_{1}^{2}{\dot {\phi }}_{1}=2m_{1}r_{1}{\dot {r}}_{1}{\dot {\phi }}_{1}+m_{1}r_{1}^{2}{\ddot {\phi }}_{1}\quad \Rightarrow \quad 2m_{1}r_{1}{\dot {r}}_{1}{\dot {\phi }}_{1}+m_{1}r_{1}^{2}{\ddot {\phi }}_{1}=0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
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<mfrac>
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</mrow>
</msubsup>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mo>¨<!-- ¨ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mspace width="1em"></mspace>
<mo stretchy="false">⇒<!-- ⇒ --></mo>
<mspace width="1em"></mspace>
<mn>2</mn>
<msub>
<mi>m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msubsup>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mo>¨<!-- ¨ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {\partial L}{\partial \phi _{1}}}=0;\quad {\frac {\mathrm {d} }{\mathrm {d} t}}{\frac {\partial L}{\partial {\dot {\phi }}_{1}}}={\frac {\mathrm {d} }{\mathrm {d} t}}m_{1}r_{1}^{2}{\dot {\phi }}_{1}=2m_{1}r_{1}{\dot {r}}_{1}{\dot {\phi }}_{1}+m_{1}r_{1}^{2}{\ddot {\phi }}_{1}\quad \Rightarrow \quad 2m_{1}r_{1}{\dot {r}}_{1}{\dot {\phi }}_{1}+m_{1}r_{1}^{2}{\ddot {\phi }}_{1}=0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d96333c94f565b223c7c6138d52714bc8a11b8ab.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:92.834ex; height:6.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {\partial L}{\partial \phi _{1}}}=0;\quad {\frac {\mathrm {d} }{\mathrm {d} t}}{\frac {\partial L}{\partial {\dot {\phi }}_{1}}}={\frac {\mathrm {d} }{\mathrm {d} t}}m_{1}r_{1}^{2}{\dot {\phi }}_{1}=2m_{1}r_{1}{\dot {r}}_{1}{\dot {\phi }}_{1}+m_{1}r_{1}^{2}{\ddot {\phi }}_{1}\quad \Rightarrow \quad 2m_{1}r_{1}{\dot {r}}_{1}{\dot {\phi }}_{1}+m_{1}r_{1}^{2}{\ddot {\phi }}_{1}=0}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Aus der Gleichung für <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \phi }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \phi }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/72b1f30316670aee6270a28334bdf4f5072cdde4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.385ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \phi }" loading="lazy"></span> zeigt sich in der Form
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {\mathrm {d} }{\mathrm {d} t}}m_{1}r_{1}^{2}{\dot {\phi }}_{1}=0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msubsup>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {\mathrm {d} }{\mathrm {d} t}}m_{1}r_{1}^{2}{\dot {\phi }}_{1}=0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/64053b0de91e59bf1c2ded15abee5dbc3ce329b1.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:14.948ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {\mathrm {d} }{\mathrm {d} t}}m_{1}r_{1}^{2}{\dot {\phi }}_{1}=0}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>die Existenz einer Erhaltungsgröße, des <a href="Drehimpuls" title="Drehimpuls">Drehimpulses</a> in <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle z}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>z</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle z}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/bf368e72c009decd9b6686ee84a375632e11de98.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.088ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle z}" loading="lazy"></span>-Richtung <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle L_{1}^{z}=m_{1}r_{1}^{2}{\dot {\phi }}_{1}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msubsup>
<mi>L</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>z</mi>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msubsup>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle L_{1}^{z}=m_{1}r_{1}^{2}{\dot {\phi }}_{1}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/aa53c2f38c2589dec16df6f4ec907693753233c9.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:13.455ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle L_{1}^{z}=m_{1}r_{1}^{2}{\dot {\phi }}_{1}}" loading="lazy"></span>, der nach dem Noether-Theorem aus der Unabhängigkeit der Lagrangefunktion von der Variablen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle q_{2}=\phi _{1}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>q</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle q_{2}=\phi _{1}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8a0ceacb8fdac18e9579a26240ece56a19c44935.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:7.629ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle q_{2}=\phi _{1}}" loading="lazy"></span> folgt.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Teilchen_im_freien_Fall_(allgemeine_Relativitätstheorie)"><span id="Teilchen_im_freien_Fall_.28allgemeine_Relativit.C3.A4tstheorie.29"></span>Teilchen im freien Fall (allgemeine Relativitätstheorie)</h3></div>
<p>In der <a href="Allgemeine_Relativit%C3%A4tstheorie" title="Allgemeine Relativitätstheorie">allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie</a> durchlaufen frei fallende Teilchen <a href="Weltlinie" title="Weltlinie">Weltlinien</a> längster Zeit: Zwischen zwei (genügend nah beieinander liegenden) Ereignissen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7daff47fa58cdfd29dc333def748ff5fa4c923e3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.743ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle B}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>B</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle B}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/47136aad860d145f75f3eed3022df827cee94d7a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.764ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle B}" loading="lazy"></span> vergeht auf einer mitgeführten Uhr auf der Weltlinie frei fallender Teilchen mehr <a href="Eigenzeit" class="mw-redirect" title="Eigenzeit">Zeit</a> als auf allen anderen Weltlinien durch diese Ereignisse. Sei <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle s}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>s</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle s}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/01d131dfd7673938b947072a13a9744fe997e632.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.09ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle s}" loading="lazy"></span> ein entlang des Pfades monoton wachsender Laufparameter, so ergibt sich die verstrichene Zeit zu
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \tau _{AB}=\int _{\underline {s}}^{\overline {s}}L\left(s,x(s),{\frac {\mathrm {d} x}{\mathrm {d} s}}\right)\,\mathrm {d} s\ ,\ x({\underline {s}})=A\,,\ x({\overline {s}})=B\,,}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>τ<!-- τ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>A</mi>
<mi>B</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<msubsup>
<mo>∫<!-- ∫ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<munder>
<mi>s</mi>
<mo>_<!-- _ --></mo>
</munder>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>s</mi>
<mo accent="false">¯<!-- ¯ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mi>L</mi>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mi>s</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>s</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>s</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>s</mi>
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<mo>,</mo>
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<munder>
<mi>s</mi>
<mo>_<!-- _ --></mo>
</munder>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>A</mi>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mo>,</mo>
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>s</mi>
<mo accent="false">¯<!-- ¯ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>B</mi>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mo>,</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \tau _{AB}=\int _{\underline {s}}^{\overline {s}}L\left(s,x(s),{\frac {\mathrm {d} x}{\mathrm {d} s}}\right)\,\mathrm {d} s\ ,\ x({\underline {s}})=A\,,\ x({\overline {s}})=B\,,}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a25b8f2668803acd9625e23a553b5349ae89024d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.463ex; margin-bottom: -0.708ex; width:53.75ex; height:7.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \tau _{AB}=\int _{\underline {s}}^{\overline {s}}L\left(s,x(s),{\frac {\mathrm {d} x}{\mathrm {d} s}}\right)\,\mathrm {d} s\ ,\ x({\underline {s}})=A\,,\ x({\overline {s}})=B\,,}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>mit der Lagrange-Funktion
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle L(s,x,{\dot {x}})={\sqrt {g_{mn}(x)\,{\dot {x}}^{m}\,{\dot {x}}^{n}}}\,.}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>L</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>s</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<msub>
<mi>g</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>m</mi>
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>m</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle L(s,x,{\dot {x}})={\sqrt {g_{mn}(x)\,{\dot {x}}^{m}\,{\dot {x}}^{n}}}\,.}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0b352689d1b273152d19012ed0151282747e49af.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:28.902ex; height:4.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle L(s,x,{\dot {x}})={\sqrt {g_{mn}(x)\,{\dot {x}}^{m}\,{\dot {x}}^{n}}}\,.}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Dabei sind <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle g_{mn}(x)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>g</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>m</mi>
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle g_{mn}(x)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/919ac1a5df16b3687748626837e6205d2cb4e2d2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:6.909ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle g_{mn}(x)}" loading="lazy"></span> die Komponentenfunktionen der <a href="Metrischer_Tensor" title="Metrischer Tensor">Metrik</a> (sowohl Raum- als auch Zeitkomponenten). Wir rechnen einfachheitshalber in Maßsystemen, in denen die <a href="Lichtgeschwindigkeit" title="Lichtgeschwindigkeit">Lichtgeschwindigkeit</a> dimensionslos ist und den Wert <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle c=1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>c</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle c=1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3e3467f9e219a5ea38a30da5c3a02c2c23f61a79.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.268ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle c=1}" loading="lazy"></span> hat, und verwenden die <a href="Einsteinsche_Summenkonvention" title="Einsteinsche Summenkonvention">Einsteinsche Summenkonvention</a>.
</p><p>Der zu <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x^{k}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x^{k}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/525e1133440e1565055dec6243aaf0f27d4d4e9b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.418ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x^{k}}" loading="lazy"></span> konjugierte Impuls ist
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {\partial L}{\partial {\dot {x}}^{k}}}={\frac {g_{kl}\,{\dot {x}}^{l}}{\sqrt {g_{mn}\,{\dot {x}}^{m}\,{\dot {x}}^{n}}}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mi>L</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mi>g</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
<mi>l</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>l</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
<msqrt>
<msub>
<mi>g</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>m</mi>
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>m</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</msqrt>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {\partial L}{\partial {\dot {x}}^{k}}}={\frac {g_{kl}\,{\dot {x}}^{l}}{\sqrt {g_{mn}\,{\dot {x}}^{m}\,{\dot {x}}^{n}}}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/08bcf67760034e6bf90f29400e3284b0920f4aa4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.171ex; width:20.928ex; height:7.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {\partial L}{\partial {\dot {x}}^{k}}}={\frac {g_{kl}\,{\dot {x}}^{l}}{\sqrt {g_{mn}\,{\dot {x}}^{m}\,{\dot {x}}^{n}}}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>und die Euler-Lagrange-Gleichungen lauten
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 0={\frac {\mathrm {d} }{\mathrm {d} s}}{\frac {g_{kl}\,{\dot {x}}^{l}}{\sqrt {g_{mn}\,{\dot {x}}^{m}\,{\dot {x}}^{n}}}}-{\frac {1}{2}}{\frac {\partial _{k}g_{rs}\,{\dot {x}}^{r}\,{\dot {x}}^{s}}{\sqrt {g_{mn}\,{\dot {x}}^{m}\,{\dot {x}}^{n}}}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>s</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mi>g</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
<mi>l</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>l</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
<msqrt>
<msub>
<mi>g</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>m</mi>
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>m</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</msqrt>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mi>g</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>r</mi>
<mi>s</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>r</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>s</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
<msqrt>
<msub>
<mi>g</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>m</mi>
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>m</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</msqrt>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 0={\frac {\mathrm {d} }{\mathrm {d} s}}{\frac {g_{kl}\,{\dot {x}}^{l}}{\sqrt {g_{mn}\,{\dot {x}}^{m}\,{\dot {x}}^{n}}}}-{\frac {1}{2}}{\frac {\partial _{k}g_{rs}\,{\dot {x}}^{r}\,{\dot {x}}^{s}}{\sqrt {g_{mn}\,{\dot {x}}^{m}\,{\dot {x}}^{n}}}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5479359c783534fb416ce96ac9f8bede9d3fb1f5.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.171ex; width:38.833ex; height:7.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 0={\frac {\mathrm {d} }{\mathrm {d} s}}{\frac {g_{kl}\,{\dot {x}}^{l}}{\sqrt {g_{mn}\,{\dot {x}}^{m}\,{\dot {x}}^{n}}}}-{\frac {1}{2}}{\frac {\partial _{k}g_{rs}\,{\dot {x}}^{r}\,{\dot {x}}^{s}}{\sqrt {g_{mn}\,{\dot {x}}^{m}\,{\dot {x}}^{n}}}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \qquad \qquad =g_{kl}\,{\frac {\mathrm {d} }{\mathrm {d} s}}{\frac {{\dot {x}}^{l}}{\sqrt {g_{mn}\,{\dot {x}}^{m}\,{\dot {x}}^{n}}}}+{\frac {{\dot {x}}^{r}\,\partial _{r}g_{ks}\,{\dot {x}}^{s}}{\sqrt {g_{mn}\,{\dot {x}}^{m}\,{\dot {x}}^{n}}}}-{\frac {1}{2}}{\frac {\partial _{k}g_{rs}\,{\dot {x}}^{r}\,{\dot {x}}^{s}}{\sqrt {g_{mn}\,{\dot {x}}^{m}\,{\dot {x}}^{n}}}}\,.}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mspace width="2em"></mspace>
<mspace width="2em"></mspace>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>g</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
<mi>l</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>s</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>l</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msqrt>
<msub>
<mi>g</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>m</mi>
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>m</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</msqrt>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>r</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<msub>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>r</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mi>g</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
<mi>s</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>s</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
<msqrt>
<msub>
<mi>g</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>m</mi>
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>m</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</msqrt>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mi>g</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>r</mi>
<mi>s</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>r</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>s</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
<msqrt>
<msub>
<mi>g</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>m</mi>
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>m</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</msqrt>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \qquad \qquad =g_{kl}\,{\frac {\mathrm {d} }{\mathrm {d} s}}{\frac {{\dot {x}}^{l}}{\sqrt {g_{mn}\,{\dot {x}}^{m}\,{\dot {x}}^{n}}}}+{\frac {{\dot {x}}^{r}\,\partial _{r}g_{ks}\,{\dot {x}}^{s}}{\sqrt {g_{mn}\,{\dot {x}}^{m}\,{\dot {x}}^{n}}}}-{\frac {1}{2}}{\frac {\partial _{k}g_{rs}\,{\dot {x}}^{r}\,{\dot {x}}^{s}}{\sqrt {g_{mn}\,{\dot {x}}^{m}\,{\dot {x}}^{n}}}}\,.}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/bd5f9082be39527348630397610c9ff6526d1bf8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.171ex; width:66.523ex; height:7.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \qquad \qquad =g_{kl}\,{\frac {\mathrm {d} }{\mathrm {d} s}}{\frac {{\dot {x}}^{l}}{\sqrt {g_{mn}\,{\dot {x}}^{m}\,{\dot {x}}^{n}}}}+{\frac {{\dot {x}}^{r}\,\partial _{r}g_{ks}\,{\dot {x}}^{s}}{\sqrt {g_{mn}\,{\dot {x}}^{m}\,{\dot {x}}^{n}}}}-{\frac {1}{2}}{\frac {\partial _{k}g_{rs}\,{\dot {x}}^{r}\,{\dot {x}}^{s}}{\sqrt {g_{mn}\,{\dot {x}}^{m}\,{\dot {x}}^{n}}}}\,.}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Verwenden wir hier als Abkürzung das <a href="Christoffel-Symbol" class="mw-redirect" title="Christoffel-Symbol">Christoffel-Symbol</a>
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Gamma _{rs}^{l}={\frac {1}{2}}g^{lm}{\bigl (}\partial _{r}g_{sm}+\partial _{s}g_{rm}-\partial _{m}g_{rs}{\bigr )}\,,}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msubsup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Γ<!-- Γ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>r</mi>
<mi>s</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>l</mi>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mi>g</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>l</mi>
<mi>m</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-OPEN">
<mo maxsize="1.2em" minsize="1.2em">(</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>r</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mi>g</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>s</mi>
<mi>m</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>s</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mi>g</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>r</mi>
<mi>m</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>m</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mi>g</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>r</mi>
<mi>s</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-CLOSE">
<mo maxsize="1.2em" minsize="1.2em">)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Gamma _{rs}^{l}={\frac {1}{2}}g^{lm}{\bigl (}\partial _{r}g_{sm}+\partial _{s}g_{rm}-\partial _{m}g_{rs}{\bigr )}\,,}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8d994d47e98d25bd2f4073daba6bc0f3a83dfd3c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:37.713ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Gamma _{rs}^{l}={\frac {1}{2}}g^{lm}{\bigl (}\partial _{r}g_{sm}+\partial _{s}g_{rm}-\partial _{m}g_{rs}{\bigr )}\,,}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>so erweist sich die Weltlinie längster Dauer als Gerade: Die Richtung der Tangente an die Weltlinie
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle u^{l}={\frac {{\dot {x}}^{l}}{\sqrt {g_{mn}\,{\dot {x}}^{m}\,{\dot {x}}^{n}}}}}">
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8761c03c770c8bffd45d546e64c859c3baf4a100.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.171ex; width:18.408ex; height:7.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle u^{l}={\frac {{\dot {x}}^{l}}{\sqrt {g_{mn}\,{\dot {x}}^{m}\,{\dot {x}}^{n}}}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>ändert sich nicht bei Parallelverschiebung längs der Weltlinie
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 0=g_{kl}\left({\frac {\mathrm {d} }{\mathrm {d} s}}u^{l}+{\dot {x}}^{r}\,\Gamma _{rs}^{l}\,u^{s}\right)\,.}">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 0=g_{kl}\left({\frac {\mathrm {d} }{\mathrm {d} s}}u^{l}+{\dot {x}}^{r}\,\Gamma _{rs}^{l}\,u^{s}\right)\,.}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b419e4adc4db3b92d29985ea05ffe934a1d5d41d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:28.898ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 0=g_{kl}\left({\frac {\mathrm {d} }{\mathrm {d} s}}u^{l}+{\dot {x}}^{r}\,\Gamma _{rs}^{l}\,u^{s}\right)\,.}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Die Parametrisierung wird nicht festgelegt. Verfügen wir so über sie, dass der Tangentialvektor überall gleich lang ist, dann ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\sqrt {g_{mn}\,{\dot {x}}^{m}\,{\dot {x}}^{n}}}}">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\sqrt {g_{mn}\,{\dot {x}}^{m}\,{\dot {x}}^{n}}}}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7b8a76462e47e0dbd016d3d31db800d952436c01.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.171ex; width:12.421ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\sqrt {g_{mn}\,{\dot {x}}^{m}\,{\dot {x}}^{n}}}}" loading="lazy"></span> konstant und der Tangentialvektor geht beim Durchlaufen der Weltlinie in sich über. Sie erfüllt die Geodätengleichung
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 0={\frac {\mathrm {d} ^{2}x^{l}}{\mathrm {d} s^{2}}}+\Gamma _{rs}^{l}(x)\,{\frac {\mathrm {d} x^{r}}{\mathrm {d} s}}\,{\frac {\mathrm {d} x^{s}}{\mathrm {d} s}}\,.}">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 0={\frac {\mathrm {d} ^{2}x^{l}}{\mathrm {d} s^{2}}}+\Gamma _{rs}^{l}(x)\,{\frac {\mathrm {d} x^{r}}{\mathrm {d} s}}\,{\frac {\mathrm {d} x^{s}}{\mathrm {d} s}}\,.}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b32840792ca15e80747bc1c4c0bba61cbdeab59c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.171ex; width:29.375ex; height:6.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 0={\frac {\mathrm {d} ^{2}x^{l}}{\mathrm {d} s^{2}}}+\Gamma _{rs}^{l}(x)\,{\frac {\mathrm {d} x^{r}}{\mathrm {d} s}}\,{\frac {\mathrm {d} x^{s}}{\mathrm {d} s}}\,.}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Dies ist die allgemein-relativistische Form der Bewegungsgleichung eines frei fallenden Teilchens. Die Gravitation ist in den <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Gamma _{rs}^{l}}">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Gamma _{rs}^{l}}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7674f0f059c9dba4c6d7107ccb6e83313f8ecf50.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.198ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Gamma _{rs}^{l}}" loading="lazy"></span> voll berücksichtigt.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ursprüngliche_Darstellung"><span id="Urspr.C3.BCngliche_Darstellung"></span>Ursprüngliche Darstellung</h2></div>
<p>Die ‚Lagrangeschen Gleichungen erster Art‘, wie man sie heute nennt, werden von <a href="Joseph-Louis_Lagrange" title="Joseph-Louis Lagrange">Joseph-Louis Lagrange</a> in seinem Hauptwerk zur Mechanik, der <i>Mécanique Analytique</i>, erstmals 1788 erschienen, im ersten Teil (<i>Die Statik</i>) aus dem <a href="Virtuelle_Arbeit" title="Virtuelle Arbeit">Prinzip der virtuellen Arbeit</a> entwickelt. Man findet die Herleitung im 4. Kapitel (<i>Einfachere und allgemeinere Art, die im zweiten Abschnitt angegebene Gleichgewichtsformel zu gebrauchen</i>), Paragraph 1 (<i>Methode der Multiplikatoren</i>). Für Lagrange selbst war es eine rein algebraische Methode der <a href="Lagrange-Multiplikator" title="Lagrange-Multiplikator">Multiplikatoren</a>, um von den vorgegebenen <a href="Zwangsbedingung" title="Zwangsbedingung">Zwangsbedingungen</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> auf die unbekannte Zwangskraft-Funktionen schließen zu können, in denen alle nicht-generalisierten Variablen eliminiert sind. Das heißt, ursprünglich geht Lagrange (für <i>i</i> Zwangskräfte) von der differentiellen Form
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \sum _{i=1}^{n}\left(\mathbf {Z} _{i}-\sum _{k=1}^{s}\lambda _{k}a_{ki}\right)\delta q_{i}=0}">
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9dd3a3390c761246a0851a1535b4c1863f71c455.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.171ex; width:29.303ex; height:7.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \sum _{i=1}^{n}\left(\mathbf {Z} _{i}-\sum _{k=1}^{s}\lambda _{k}a_{ki}\right)\delta q_{i}=0}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>aus.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Die Lagrangeschen Gleichungen erster Art werden dann als eine verallgemeinerte Ergänzung auf nicht-holonome Systeme der <i>Dynamik</i> verstanden, in denen auch beschleunigende Trägheitskräfte zugelassen werden, die das statische Gleichgewicht stören.
</p><p>Die ‚Lagrangeschen Gleichungen zweiter Art‘ werden erst im zweiten Teil des Hauptwerks Lagranges (<i>Die Dynamik</i>) aus dem <a href="D%E2%80%99Alembertsches_Prinzip" title="D’Alembertsches Prinzip">d’Alembertschen Prinzip</a> entwickelt. Man findet die allgemeine Herleitung im 4. Kapitel (<i>Differentialgleichung zur Lösung aller Probleme der Dynamik</i>). Dort wird insbesondere ab Abschnitt 10 sowohl der Fall von <i>holonomen</i> Zwangsbedingungen diskutiert (die Integrabilität der Differentialgleichungen, Zeitunabhängigkeit der Funktionen und Existenz eines Potenzials <i>V</i>) als auch der <i>nicht-holonome</i> Fall mittels zusätzlicher Multiplikatoren dargestellt. Neben den Lagrange-Gleichungen erster Art ergeben sich dann auch die der zweiten Art in folgender Form:<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {{\text{d}} \over {\text{d}}t}{\partial {T} \over \partial {{\dot {q}}_{i}}}-{\partial {T} \over \partial q_{i}}=Q_{i}+\sum _{k=1}^{s}\lambda _{k}a_{ki}.}">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {{\text{d}} \over {\text{d}}t}{\partial {T} \over \partial {{\dot {q}}_{i}}}-{\partial {T} \over \partial q_{i}}=Q_{i}+\sum _{k=1}^{s}\lambda _{k}a_{ki}.}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ca4cd549b8e3bbea4cf7a52f7c4f34a61a44d119.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:32.426ex; height:6.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {{\text{d}} \over {\text{d}}t}{\partial {T} \over \partial {{\dot {q}}_{i}}}-{\partial {T} \over \partial q_{i}}=Q_{i}+\sum _{k=1}^{s}\lambda _{k}a_{ki}.}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literatur">Literatur</h2></div>
<p>Der Lagrange-Formalismus wird in vielen ein- und weiterführenden Lehrbüchern der klassischen Mechanik behandelt.
</p>
<ul><li><a href="Herbert_Goldstein" title="Herbert Goldstein">Herbert Goldstein</a>, Charles P. Poole, John L. Safko: <cite style="font-style:italic">Klassische Mechanik</cite>. 3. Auflage. Wiley-VCH, 2006, ISBN 3-527-40589-5.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Lagrange-Formalismus&amp;rft.au=Herbert+Goldstein%2C+Charles+P.+Poole%2C+John+L.+Safko&amp;rft.btitle=Klassische+Mechanik&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.edition=3.&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=3527405895&amp;rft.pub=Wiley-VCH" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></li></ul>
<ul><li>Donald T. Greenwood: <cite style="font-style:italic">Advanced Dynamics</cite>. Cambridge Univ. Press, 2003, ISBN 0-521-82612-8.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Lagrange-Formalismus&amp;rft.au=Donald+T.+Greenwood&amp;rft.btitle=Advanced+Dynamics&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0521826128&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+Univ.+Press" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></li></ul>
<ul><li>Josef Honerkamp, <a href="Hartmann_R%C3%B6mer" title="Hartmann Römer">Hartmann Römer</a>: <cite style="font-style:italic">Klassische Theoretische Physik</cite>. 3. Auflage. Springer, 1993, ISBN 3-540-55901-9.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Lagrange-Formalismus&amp;rft.au=Josef+Honerkamp%2C+Hartmann+R%C3%B6mer&amp;rft.btitle=Klassische+Theoretische+Physik&amp;rft.date=1993&amp;rft.edition=3.&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=3540559019&amp;rft.pub=Springer" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span> (Volltext <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://freidok.uni-freiburg.de/data/82">hier</a> erhältlich)</li></ul>
<ul><li>Friedhelm Kuypers: <cite style="font-style:italic">Klassische Mechanik</cite>. 8. Auflage. Wiley-Vch, 2008, ISBN 3-527-40721-9.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Lagrange-Formalismus&amp;rft.au=Friedhelm+Kuypers&amp;rft.btitle=Klassische+Mechanik&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.edition=8.&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=3527407219&amp;rft.pub=Wiley-Vch" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></li></ul>
<ul><li><a href="Cornelius_Lanczos" title="Cornelius Lanczos">Cornelius Lanczos</a>: <cite style="font-style:italic">The Variational Principles of Mechanics</cite>. 4. Auflage. Dover Publ. Inc, 1986, ISBN 0-486-65067-7.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Lagrange-Formalismus&amp;rft.au=Cornelius+Lanczos&amp;rft.btitle=The+Variational+Principles+of+Mechanics&amp;rft.date=1986&amp;rft.edition=4.&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0486650677&amp;rft.pub=Dover+Publ.+Inc" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></li></ul>
<p>Literatur zu Pfadintegralen.
</p>
<ul><li><a href="Hagen_Kleinert" title="Hagen Kleinert">Hagen Kleinert</a>: <cite style="font-style:italic">Pfadintegrale in Quantenmechanik, Statistik und Polymerphysik</cite>. Spektrum, Mannheim 1993, ISBN 3-86025-613-0.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Lagrange-Formalismus&amp;rft.au=Hagen+Kleinert&amp;rft.btitle=Pfadintegrale+in+Quantenmechanik%2C+Statistik+und+Polymerphysik&amp;rft.date=1993&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=3860256130&amp;rft.place=Mannheim&amp;rft.pub=Spektrum" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></li></ul>
<p>Historische Quelle.
</p>
<ul><li><a href="Joseph-Louis_Lagrange" title="Joseph-Louis Lagrange">Joseph-Louis Lagrange</a>: <i>Mécanique Analytique</i>. Zweite Auflage (Nouvelle Édition), Paris 1815. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mcaniqueanalyt01lagr/page/4/mode/1up">Textarchiv&nbsp;– Internet Archive</a> (Zugriffsdatum: 18. Januar 2023)</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Weblinks">Weblinks</h2></div>
<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.matheplanet.com/matheplanet/nuke/html/article.php?sid=1157">Artikel <i>Von d´Alembert zu Lagrange II</i></a> auf <a href="Matroids_Matheplanet" title="Matroids Matheplanet">matheplanet.com</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://itp.uni-frankfurt.de/~hees/faq-pdf/lagrange.pdf">Anwendungen des Lagrange-Formalismus an Beispielen der Oberstufenphysik</a></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Einzelnachweise">Einzelnachweise</h2></div>
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="Jewgeni_Michailowitsch_Lifschitz" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewgeni Michailowitsch Lifschitz">Lifschitz</a>: <i>Lehrbuch der theoretischen Physik I – Mechanik.</i> Akademie-Verlag Berlin 1987, S. 156. Sowie ursprünglich Lagrange (1811) im Literaturverz., Teil II (Dynamique), Kap. 2, §9, S. 253.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Zum Beispiel Hamel <i>Theoretische Mechanik</i>, Springer Verlag 1967, S. 281.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Die realen anholonomen Zwangsbedingungen wären <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\textstyle \sum _{k}a_{k}\mathrm {d} q_{k}+a_{t}\mathrm {d} t=0\,.}">
<semantics>
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<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
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<mi>k</mi>
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<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
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<mi>t</mi>
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<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\textstyle \sum _{k}a_{k}\mathrm {d} q_{k}+a_{t}\mathrm {d} t=0\,.}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ee509adeff90a434c6e0b6c0e2707450cf373be3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:21.99ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\textstyle \sum _{k}a_{k}\mathrm {d} q_{k}+a_{t}\mathrm {d} t=0\,.}" loading="lazy"></span> Das Zeitdifferential <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {d} t}">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {d} t}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/588a981eb3c6f32c01153f8710a7f70029b5e553.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.132ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {d} t}" loading="lazy"></span> verschwindet <i>per definitionem</i> bei den zugehörigen sog. virtuellen Verschiebungen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \delta q_{k}}">
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<mi>k</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \delta q_{k}}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/893aa8b5eacd994014b5d511a76ca57bdf0fdca6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.174ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \delta q_{k}}" loading="lazy"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Siehe <a href="Variationsrechnung" title="Variationsrechnung">Variationsrechnung</a>. Dort ergeben sich die Euler-Lagrange-Gleichungen aus der Variation eines Funktionals. In der Mechanik ist das betrachtete Funktional die Wirkungsfunktion und man spricht von Lagrange-Gleichung.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Siehe etwa Goldstein, Poole, Safko (2006) aus der Literaturliste, Seite 21 f.; sowie <a href="Konservative_Kraft" title="Konservative Kraft">Konservative Kraft</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lagrange spricht dort in Art. 2. S. 74 im Literaturverz., ganz allgemein von beliebigen "équations de condition données par la nature du systeme". Die dynamische Bedeutung als Zwangsbedingung kommt später hinzu.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="Joseph-Louis_Lagrange" title="Joseph-Louis Lagrange">Joseph-Louis Lagrange</a>: <i>Mécanique Analytique</i>. Zweite Auflage (Nouvelle Édition), Paris 1815. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mcaniqueanalyt01lagr/page/148/mode/1up">Textarchiv&nbsp;– Internet Archive</a> (Zugriffsdatum: 22. Januar 2023), Seite 75.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Siehe auch S. 79, Gl. (2.46) in Greenwood (2003), im Literaturverz.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="Joseph-Louis_Lagrange" title="Joseph-Louis Lagrange">Joseph-Louis Lagrange</a>: <i>Mécanique Analytique</i>. Zweite Auflage (Nouvelle Édition), Paris 1815. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mcaniqueanalyt01lagr/page/627/mode/1up">Textarchiv&nbsp;– Internet Archive</a> (Zugriffsdatum: 22. Januar 2023), Seite 313 ff.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Siehe auch S. 79, Gl. (2.49) in Greenwood (2003), im Literaturverz.</span>
</li>
</ol>
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